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Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations
	Seal of the United States Department of State
Bureau overview
Formed	November 22, 2011; 13 years ago
Headquarters	Washington, DC
Employees	160 (FY 2018)
Annual budget	$12 million (FY 2018)
Bureau executives	Anne Witkowsky, Assistant Secretary of State for Conflict and Stabilization Operations; Colleen Crenwelge, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary;
Parent department	U.S. Department of State
Website	Official website

The Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations (CSO) is a bureau of the United States Department of State.

Mission

CSO’s mission is to anticipate, prevent, and respond to conflict that undermines U.S. national interests. The bureau implements this mission in two complementary ways: through data-driven analysis and forward deploying stabilization advisors to conflict zones. The objective is to inform and execute U.S. strategy, policy, and programs on conflict prevention and stabilization.

Overview

CSO’s expertise focuses on three key lines of effort: 1) political instability; 2) security sector stabilization; and 3) countering violent extremism (CVE). CSO collaborates with regional and functional bureaus, the Department of Defense, and USAID, and details stabilization advisors to posts and Geographic Combatant Commands (COCOMS) requiring specialized expertise.

Core lines of effort

CSO focuses on three lines of effort (LOE) reflecting different aspects of the conflict cycle, and with narrowed definitions, to deconflict with other agencies and bureaus.^[1]

Strategic prevention includes deliberate efforts to reduce fragility, strengthen institutions, and increase cohesion in priority countries to disrupt likely pathways to violent conflict, instability, and/or political subversion. Bureau policy priorities are supporting the Global Fragility Act and early warning of atrocities, or EWA. Examples of how the bureau implements strategic prevention include data analytics, atrocity early warning, stabilization planning, and preventing violent acts.^[2] Conflict resolution includes negotiation, mediation, and diplomatic efforts to respond to conflict. Regional bureaus often lead U.S. efforts for peace negotiations, but CSO provides technical support. The bureau provides the reach-back capability for best practices and comparative examples and has programs to support peace processes, ceasefires, and conduct table-top exercises.^[3] Security sector stabilization is a true niche for CSO in the U.S. government, and includes long-term reform efforts. The State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) works only with official governments that have political will for security sector reform, and USAID generally cannot work with security actors, so the bureau was working in a stabilization setting prior to INL.^[4]

Examples of the Bureau's work includes analyzing and mitigating non-state armed groups, reintegrating former fighters or war veterans, and getting combatants off the battlefield. CSO efforts enable the necessary, minimum security conditions to prepare for longer-term security sector reform.^[5]

Another example includes disengaging and reintegrating former combatants, mapping non-state armed groups, and reintegrating other groups such as war veterans into society. For example, in Niger, CSO promoted defections of former fighters from Boko Haram and Islamic State-West Africa and their reintegration into society. The program helped remove former fighters from the battlefield and reduced the capacity of Boko Haram and ISIS-WA to threaten U.S. persons and interests. CSO reinforced this effort by deploying a Stabilization Advisor to the American Embassy in Niamey to assist the Government of Niger in establishing a legal framework and implementation plan for defectors.

The LOE were designed to add value and demonstrate how the bureau's efforts are separate but coordinated with other agencies and bureaus.^[6]

History

The Department of State announced the creation of the bureau on November 22, 2011, replacing the Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization.^[7]