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Bronzy hermit
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Genus:	Glaucis
Species:	G. aeneus
Binomial name
	Glaucis aeneus; Lawrence, 1868

The bronzy hermit (Glaucis aeneus) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.^[3]

Taxonomy and systematics

The bronzy hermit and the rufous-breasted hermit (G. hirsutus) have been considered conspecific but now are treated as a superspecies. The bronzy hermit is monotypic although the separate Central and South American populations have sometimes been treated as subspecies.^[4]

Description

The bronzy hermit is 9 to 10 cm (3.5 to 3.9 in) long. Males weigh 3 to 6.5 g (0.11 to 0.23 oz) and females 3 to 6 g (0.11 to 0.21 oz). The male's bill is decurved and the maxilla has serrated edges. The female's bill has more curve and no serrations. The sexes' plumages are alike, with bronzy or coppery green upperparts, deep buff thoat and breast, and pale buff belly. The face has a white "moustache" and is otherwise dusky. The upperside of the tail is gray-green with white tips and the underside reddish near the body, blackish in the middle, and white at the tips. The Central American population has slightly longer wings than the South American but their plumages are identical.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

The bronzy hermit has two separate populations. One is found from eastern Honduras through eastern Nicaragua and eastern and western Costa Rica into western Panama. The other is found from western Colombia into northwestern Ecuador as far south as Pichincha Province. The species inhabits semi-open landscapes such as disturbed primary forest, mature secondary forest, swamp forest, and shrublands. In elevation it occurs from sea level to 750 m (2,500 ft) in Costa Rica and 800 m (2,600 ft) in Colombia.^[4]

Behavior

Movement

The bronzy hermit is believed to be non-migratory throughout its range.^[4]

Feeding

The bronzy hermit feeds on nectar at Heliconia and other plants. Small arthropods are also eaten; the latter are usually hover-gleaned from spider webs, leaves, and twigs, and occasionally caught in flight.^[4]

Breeding

The bronzy hermit's breeding season varies geographically by has not been fully defined. Its nest is a cone-shaped cup made of plant fibers bound with spider web and decorated with lichens, attached to the underside of a drooping leaf. The clutch size is two eggs.^[4]

Songs and calls

Listen to bronzy hermit on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The bronzy hermit's song is "a high-pitched descending phrase 'tsee-tsee-tsi-tsi-tsitstitsi' irregularly altered with a series of high-pitched 'seee' notes". Its flight call is "a sharp high-pitched 'tzeeet!'."^[4]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the bronzy hermit as being of Least Concern, though its population number and trend are not known.^[1] It occurs in several protected areas, and is deemed "very common" in Colombia.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Bronzy Hermit Glaucis aeneus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hinkelmann, C., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Bronzy Hermit (Glaucis aeneus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.broher.01 retrieved November 14, 2021

Additional reading

A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica by F. Gary Stiles and Alexander F. Skutch ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
Hummingbirds of Costa Rica by Michael Fogden and Patricia Fogden ISBN 1-55407-163-1