The British Basketball League (BBL) was a men's professional basketballleague in Great Britain. Since its establishment in 1987 the BBL represented the highest level of basketball competition within the United Kingdom. The organisation that operated the competition, Basketball League Limited, folded in July 2024 after the British Basketball Federation terminated its operating license. It was succeeded as the top-level men's basketball competition with Super League Basketball.
The BBL operated as a franchise model where each member team is located within a separate franchise area. Most recently (in 2023/24), the League featured 10 member franchises from England and Scotland who jointly own the organisation[1] and a chairman was elected by the teams to oversee operations. The League offices were located in Leicester[2] where the country's oldest team, the Leicester Riders, is also based.
The BBL sat above the English National Basketball League and the Scottish Basketball Championship, which effectively formed the second tier of basketball competition in Great Britain. Due to the franchise model there was no promotion or relegation between the lower leagues and the BBL, although several BBL member teams had previously competed in the National Basketball League.
In addition to the regular season Championship, the BBL also staged two knockout competitions; the BBL Trophy and the end-of-season BBL Playoffs. Previously the organisation also ran the BBL Cup and BBL Cup Winners' Cup competitions, though these were last contested in 2023 and 2009 respectively. In partnership with Basketball England the organisation launched a women's league in 2014, branded as the Women's British Basketball League (WBBL).[3]
Over the next 15 years, basketball's popularity in Great Britain grew steadily and annual revenues for the ABBA – renamed as the English Basket Ball Association (EBBA) in 1975 – increased from £23,440 in 1972 to £303,500 in 1981.[6][7][8] With the increased commercial potential of basketball and the NBL evident, teams started to attract entrepreneurial owners and benefactors along with football clubs, such as Manchester United and Portsmouth, looking to replicate the multi-modal sporting club patented by European powerhouses such as Real Madrid and Barcelona.[9] In 1982, the NBL reached a broadcasting deal with newly launched television channel Channel 4, further increasing the visibility of the league to a national audience.[10] The NBL's upward commercial trajectory continued with the EBBA signing sponsorship agreements with major national companies such as Prudential Insurance, Bell's whisky and the Carlsberg Group, generating an estimated income of £1,196,000.[11] A joint venture company, Basketball Marketing Limited, was established in 1982[12] by the EBBA and team owners to market the league collectively to potential sponsors and share revenue from TV contracts; with the agreement that 40% of revenue was held by the EBBA and the remaining 60% shared between all member teams.[13][8]
In 1983, the Basketball Owners' Association (BOA) was established by owners of 9 different NBL teams to represent their interests[14] as internal conflict arose regarding the financial relationship between them and the EBBA. Kevin Routledge, a director at Leicester Riders, claimed at the time that "there was a feeling about men's clubs that insufficient emphasis was being given to them, particularly recognising that in terms of spectator, sponsorship and media appeal they were very much top of the heap."[15] The sentiment was echoed by Dave Elderkin, Manager of Sunderland 76ers, who noted that sponsorship revenue was divided between the EBBA's 650 member clubs, and though the Division 1 teams generated the most sponsorship they were only receiving a small fraction of the return; Sunderland were reportedly paid just £2,000 from central sponsorship earnings in 1986.[16]
By April 1986, still unsatisfied by the relationship with the EBBA, a contingent of team owners set forth to organise a breakaway competition, dubbed the British Basketball League.[17] The initiative was led by John Deacon, owner of Portsmouth, who had rallied support for the new league from fellow teams Bracknell Pirates, Crystal Palace, Edinburgh, Hemel Hempstead & Watford Royals, Kingston and Sunderland, with each team contributing a £5,000 entry fee. Not all teams were initially onboard with the new proposals however, as established names like Birmingham Bullets first rejected the move and opted to stay within the existing EBBA structure.[18] The EBBA established a Committee of Inquiry to conduct a review and establish the terms of the handover, and a new organisation – the Basketball League Limited – was formed by the team owners to oversee the operations of the new competition.[19]
The new organisation proposed commencing with a new 16-team league competition for the 1987–88 season, that would include the 13 existing teams of the NBL Division 1 along with two promoted teams from Division 2, plus Scottish champions Livingston and a possibility of future expansion into Scotland and Ireland.[16] Some reports also suggested Wales-based Rhondda were approached as a potential addition.[17] Additional proposals for the new league included prize money being awarded to competition winners, a new supplementary League Cup competition for member teams, and the removal of relegation between the new league and NBL Division 2 for the first two seasons, to encourage financial stability for its member teams; promotion would still be offered to the top two teams within Division 2, subject to financial and facility guarantees.[16][20] Furthermore, all member teams within the Basketball League Limited would be equal shareholders of the new organisation and be eligible to compete in European competitions, whilst the EBBA would retain disciplinary powers, appointment of match officials and remain completely in control of other competitions, such as the National Cup.[20]
Following the conclusion of the 1986–87 season, the EBBA signed a formal agreement with the Basketball League Limited, handing over full control and administration of the top national basketball competition to the new organisation. The agreement was signed at Old Trafford football stadium, home of Manchester United, whose basketball team would feature in the newly formed league. Signing the agreement to establish the new league was Keith Mitchell OBE and Mel Welch, President and Secretary of the EBBA respectively, along with John Deacon, Chairman of the Basketball League Limited, and John Barr, Treasurer of the new organisation.[21][22]
At official launch, the 16 confirmed teams to feature in the new league were announced as:[21]
The new league faced challenges from the off-set when Rhondda – the league's only Wales-based team – folded in August 1987, just weeks before the start of the new season. The sudden loss of a major sponsor meant the team were unable to finance the upcoming campaign, where they would compete against teams with budgets of up to £250,000.[23] London-based Brunel Crystal Palace also faced similar financial challenges during the off-season, searching for additional sponsors to cover their £100,000 outgoings.[24] Despite these setbacks, the fledging organisation did achieve some immediate commercial success; a new 3-year sponsorship agreement with the Carlsberg Group saw the new competition branded as the Carlsberg Basketball League, along with additional naming-rights deals for the postseason playoffs and the Tournament of Champions, both of which were also sponsored by Carlsberg.[25] The newly-established League Cup competition was branded as the NatWest Bank Trophy following a deal with National Westminster Bank.[26]
The EBBA's player import rules – where teams were restricted to having two foreign "import" players plus one "naturalised" British player – were carried over to the new competition. A small complication arose as the league also featured Scotland-based Livingston, and the ruling meant that English players would count as foreign players for teams based in Scotland.[27]
Early years and Kingston dominance (1987–1992)
The first game of the new Carlsberg Basketball League and the 1987–88 season took place on 13 September 1987, when Scotland-based Livingston defeated Oldham Celtics, 98–81, at the Forum Arena in Livingston.[28] The former Scottish National League team went on to have a very successful season overall. Whilst Portsmouth were successful in retaining their national champions title in the inaugural league championship – continuing their success from the previous National Basketball League – they were soundly defeated by Livingston in both the Playoff Final (81–72) and NatWest Bank Trophy Final (96–91).
Early growth (1992–2002)
The 1990s also saw a growth in popularity and commercialism within the league. Games were televised and the league picked up sponsors such as Peugeot, Lego, Playboy and Budweiser, while attendances at games also increased. The Manchester Giants opened the 1995–96 season in front of a record 14,251 fans at the Nynex Arena against the London Leopards, a record crowd for a basketball game in Great Britain. It stood until 2006, when the NBA started staging games at the O2 Arena in London.
London clubs dominated the league, with London Towers, Crystal Palace and the Greater London Leopards all sharing success in the mid-1990s. In 1999, a Conference format similar to the NBA was introduced, with clubs split North and South. The two Conference champions met in a Championship series to decide the champions for the next three years.
Tougher times (2002–2012)
A single division format returned in 2002 and five different franchises won the Championship title in the five years after that. The new millennium, however, also saw a series of setbacks for the BBL. The collapse of ITV Digital cost the league financially, with many franchises struggling to recover from the lost revenue that the £21 million contract was providing. Long established franchises such as the Manchester Giants, Essex Leopards, Derby Storm, Thames Valley Tigers and Birmingham Bullets withdrew from the league, though new teams have been formed under the Giants and Leopards names. The membership crisis brought about the addition of new franchises such as Guildford Heat (formed by supporters of the defunct Thames Valley Tigers), and elected teams from the lower-tier English Basketball League, including the Plymouth Raiders. Both teams made a refreshing impact on the old boys, with the Heat qualifying for the Play-offs in their rookie season.
During the same season Newcastle won 30 of their 40 regular season league fixtures to clinch the Championship crown – the previous season saw the Eagles win 31 matches but lose out to Chester Jets in the final week, by just two points. That title was one of four pieces of silverware won during the dubbed "clean-sweep" season of 2005–06, the Eagles marching on to claim the BBL Cup, BBL Trophy and Playoff's – the complete set.
Resurgence, the 777 years, and current situation (2012–2024)
The 2015 Playoffs Final took place at The O2 Arena, London, following a string of sell-out attendances at Wembley Arena between 2012 and 2014.[29] The event saw a record breaking crowd of 14,700.[30]
As of the 2016–17 BBL season Italian sportswear manufacturer Kappa have been the exclusive kit supplier for all teams, replacing a previous deal with Spalding.[31]
The past decade has seen sustained growth across the league, with the biggest advances in facilities. Some clubs have now built their own venues, including Newcastle, Leicester, Sheffield and Caledonia, and Manchester, Cheshire and Surrey and have moved into much improved facilities, while Plymouth, and the most recent election from the EBL, the Bristol Flyers, have announced plans for their own arenas. The 2018–19 season saw, for the first time in 11 years, British participation in European competition when Leicester competed in the Basketball Champions League and FIBA Europe Cup.
On 2 December 2021 the Miami-based investment firm 777 Partners bought 45.5% of the shares of the league. The company invested £7 million in the league, that also saw an organisational reform which included the appointment of a CEO.[32]
On 14 June 2024 British Basketball, the national governing body for basketball in the UK, terminated the league's licence,[33] meaning that the UK men's professional league would no longer be run by the current operating company behind the BBL. British Basketball cited financial concerns as a principal driver of the decision, and promised that interim measures would be put in place to ensure that a 2024/25 season takes place.
Bristol Flyers (2014) have acquired a franchise licence to compete in the BBL, having previously competed in the EBL.
Expansion teams
The most recent round of expansion took place in 2014 when the League admitted two teams, Bristol Flyers and Leeds Carnegie, into the organisation; an ill-fated application from a third team, Edinburgh-based East Scotland Warriors, was rejected at the final stages to concerns over its financial backing.[34]Plymouth City Patriots were admitted into the League for the 2021–22 season as a direct replacement for the Plymouth Raiders, who withdrew prior to the season starting.[35]
As of 2023, the League does not have any confirmed plans to introduce more teams in new cities or locations, however there are interested parties from Belfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Dublin, Leeds and Liverpool looking at establishing a potential expansion franchise.[36] In 2022, media outlets also reported interest from a Birmingham-based consortium which included former NBA star and Hall of Famer, Hakeem Olajuwon,[37] as well as additional interest from the city of Edinburgh and NBL powerhouse Reading Rockets.[38][39] Of these interested cities, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Leeds and Liverpool have all, at some point in time, previously hosted a BBL team since 1987.
The league was an independent company owned by its member clubs and Miami-based investment firm 777 Partners, who bought 45.5% of the shares of the league, investing £7million, in December 2021.
Each club, or franchise, now had an equal shareholding of 5.45%. The 8-person management board is made up of an independent chairperson, non-affiliated non-executives, Investor Directors and a minority representation of BBL Club Directors.[1]Sir Rodney Walker is the current elected chairperson.
On 14 June 2024 British Basketball, the national governing body for basketball in the UK, terminated the league's licence[33] citing financial concerns.
The BBL Championship is the flagship competition of the British Basketball League and features all member teams playing a double round robin (home and away) league season,[40] from September through to April.[41] Matches are played according to FIBA rules and games consist of four-quarters of 10 minutes each. Two points are awarded for a win,[40] with overtime used if the score is tied at the final buzzer – unlimited numbers of 5-minute overtime periods are played until one team is ahead when a period ends. At the end of the regular season, the team with the most points is crowned as winners of the BBL Championship, and thus British Champions. If points are equal between two or more teams then head-to-head results between said teams are used to determine the winners. In the case of a tie between multiple teams where this does not break the tie, the winners are then determined by the points difference in the games between said teams.[42] Following the completion of the Championship regular season, the top eight ranked teams advance into the post-season Playoffs which usually take place during April.[43]
In the regular season, team schedules are not identical and neither are matchdays, with games scheduled mainly around venue availability. Because of this teams may find themselves playing a series of four or five home games consecutively followed by a straight set of away games. As the regular season is also particularly short many games are played over weekends as 'doubleheaders', whereby a team will play games (possibly a home and away game) on consecutive days, something that is not commonplace in British sports, although often seen in the National Basketball Association[citation needed] and other North American sports.
Playoffs
The post-season Playoffs usually takes place in April, featuring the top eight ranked teams from the Championship regular season compete in a knockout tournament. Teams are seeded depending on their final positioning in the Championship standings, so first-place faces eighth-place, second versus seventh-place, third against sixth-place and finally fourth plays the fifth-placed team. Both the Quarterfinals and the succeeding Semifinals are played over a three-game series, with the higher seed getting two home games either side of the lower seeds home game. The team that wins two of the three games advances to the next round.[40][42] As with the Quarterfinals, teams in the Semifinals are also seeded, with the highest-ranking team drawn against the lowest-ranking team in one Semifinal and the two remaining teams drawn together in the other Semifinal. The culmination of the post-season is the grand Final, held at The O2 Arena in London, which sees the two Semi-final winners play a one-game event to determine the Playoff Champions.
The BBL Cup emerged from a breakaway of the English Basketball Association-organised National Cup and was contested for the first time in the 2003–04 season, when Sheffield Sharks were the inaugural winners. Since the 2019–20 season, the competition has a group stage followed by a knockout stage. The group stage consists of the teams being split into north and south groups and within each playing a double round-robin system. The top 4 teams from each group are then seeded with 1st of each group playing 4th in the other and 3rd in each group playing 2nd in the other. The winner of the Aggregate score going through to the semi-final. The winner of the aggregate score of each match in the semi-final then goes through to the BBL Cup Final.[44] The Cup final is played at the Arena Birmingham in Birmingham, usually in early January.[45]
The BBL Trophy traces its origins back to a previous competition known as the Anglo-Scottish Cup – and subsequently the British Master's Cup – which was founded in 1984 and was initially a competition between teams from both the English and Scottish leagues. Following the launch of the new British Basketball League administration in 1987 – who assumed control over the National Basketball League from the English Basketball Association – the British Master's Cup was scrapped and replaced with the newly formed League Trophy.[46] The Trophy competition has historically had a round-robin group stage format used for the first round, however the current competition is a knockout tournament with pairings drawn completely at random – there are no seeds, and a draw takes place after the majority of fixtures have been played in each round. As well as including all BBL member clubs, invited teams from the English Basketball League, and occasionally the Scottish Basketball League, often take part in the Trophy.[47] The Final is usually played in March at a neutral venue.[48]
Following their elimination from the Basketball Champions League, the Leicester Riders played in the 2018–19 FIBA Europe Cup, Europe's fourth tier.[50][51]
British Basketball League rules currently allow for each team to have a maximum of three "import" players – from outside of the European Union (EU) and require a work permit to play – whilst the remaining players on the roster must have citizenship of an EU country, either by birth or by naturalisation.[53] The current ruling was integrated at the beginning of the 2006–07 season, reverting from the previous law which allowed for up to four non-EU players on a roster, along with naturalised players.
New rules introduced for the 2012–13 season allow teams to field a maximum of five non-British players per game (including up to three work permitted players), further demonstrating the League's commitment towards developing British players.[54]
Salary cap
Prior to the 2022–23 season, a "Team Payments Cap" limited teams to spend no more than £250,000 on player salaries per season with the aim of keeping overall costs down for the teams whilst also ensuring competitive balance. The Team Payments Cap was dropped in August 2022 as it was stated to hamper the growth of BBL teams playing in European competitions.[55]
Transfer regulations
According to BBL rules, teams must field no more than six import (non-EU) players in any one season, though only three are allowed to be registered to a roster at any one time. Signings are allowed to be made throughout the pre-season and during the regular season until the league's transfer deadline on 28 February, or if during a leap year, the date is 29 February.
Notable players
Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.
Criteria
To appear in this section a player must have either:
Set a club record or won an individual award while at the club
Played at least one official international match for their national team at any time
Played at least one official NBA match at any time.
Basketball receives little national press coverage in the United Kingdom, although coverage is more extensive from the local newspapers in cities where BBL clubs are based, with publications such as The Plymouth Herald, Manchester Evening News, Leicester Mercury and the Newcastle Chronicle all having dedicated basketball reporters who cover the respective local team. Some national newspapers list results and occasionally provide short summaries of the League's news, but more extensive coverage remains minimal.
The history of television coverage of the BBL has been sporadic. Previously the League enjoyed coverage from Channel 4 in the 1980s and Sky Sports from 1995 to 2001, where audiences peaked at around 150,000 viewers.[56] The League signed a three-year broadcast deal with the ill-fated digital TV company ITV Digital in 2001, and coverage suffered a sharp decline as the broadcaster struggled and eventually went out of business, resulting in a significant loss of income to member clubs.[57] Television coverage was then infrequent until the 2007–08 season, when international broadcaster Setanta Sports signed a deal to screen one live game a week.[58] In 2010, the League agreed a broadcast rights deal with Sky Sports, marking the return of BBL action on Sky Sports after a 9-year gap.[59] The League's own subscription-based online TV station, BBL TV, took over the broadcast of live games from 2013 to 2015, and during the 2013–14 season match highlights were also televised and featured on British Eurosport each week.[60]
In July 2016, the league signed a two-year broadcast deal with the BBC, featuring both British Basketball League and Women's British Basketball League games. The games would be broadcast on the BBC Sport website with the showpiece finals also being broadcast on the BBC Red Button.[61] Alongside the BBC deal, a six-year deal with Perform was signed[62] which saw every BBL game broadcast via LiveBasketball.TV,[63] and a deal followed a year later with UNILAD to broadcast one game a week live via Facebook.[64]FreeSports signed a deal with the league in January 2018 to broadcast games for the remainder of the season, starting with the BBL Cup Final between Worcester Wolves and Cheshire Phoenix.
In November 2020, coverage of the league returned to Sky Sports in a new two-year deal which sees Sky broadcasting 30 games per season, including BBL Trophy Final, BBL Cup Final and BBL Playoffs.[65] This has been extended to cover the 2022/23 season.
During the 2023–24 season of the BBL, NESN aired BBL matches in the US.[66]
^"Powered by Google Docs". Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Artikel ini berisi konten yang ditulis dengan gaya sebuah iklan. Bantulah memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menghapus konten yang dianggap sebagai spam dan pranala luar yang tidak sesuai, dan tambahkan konten ensiklopedis yang ditulis dari sudut pandang netral dan sesuai dengan kebijakan Wikipedia. (April 2019) Asian AgriJenisSwastaIndustriPerkebunan dan Pabrik kelapa sawitKantorpusatJl. Letjend MT Haryono No. A-1 Medan, IndonesiaProdukMinyak Sawit MentahKaryawanLebih dari 29.000Situs webasianag...
American politician (born 1954) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Díaz-Balart and the second or maternal family name is Caballero. Lincoln Díaz-BalartMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Florida's 21st districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1993 – January 3, 2011Preceded byConstituency establishedSucceeded byMario Díaz-BalartMember of the Florida Senatefrom the 34th districtIn officeAugust 30, 1989 – November 17, 1992Preceded b...
Christmas HumphreysChristmas HumphreysLahir(1901-02-15)15 Februari 19017 Royal Crescent, London, InggrisMeninggal13 April 1983(1983-04-13) (umur 82)St John's Wood, LondonKebangsaanBritania RayaPekerjaanBarrister; hakim, penulisTahun aktif1924–1976 Travers Christmas Humphreys (15 Februari 1901 – 13 April 1983)[1] adalah seorang barrister, Queen's Counsel, dan hakim Britania di Old Bailey.[2][3] Bersama dengan istrinya, Aileen Faulkner, Christmas Humphreys...
Peta yang menunjukkan negara dan wilayah menurut Indeks Persepsi Korupsi tahun 2021. Skor lebih tinggi dari 89 Skor sama dengan atau antara 80 hingga 89 Skor sama dengan atau antara 70 hingga 79 Skor sama dengan atau antara 60 hingga 69 Skor sama dengan atau antara 50 hingga 59 Skor sama dengan atau antara 40 hingga 49 Skor sama dengan atau antara 30 hingga 39 Skor sama dengan atau antara 20 hingga...
Tragedi Stadion Kanjuruhan 2022Petugas keamanan dan polisi memaksa para suporter keluar dari lapanganTanggal1 Oktober 2022 (2022-10-01)LokasiStadion Kanjuruhan, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa TimurKoordinat08°09′01″S 112°34′26″E / 8.15028°S 112.57389°E / -8.15028; 112.57389Koordinat: 08°09′01″S 112°34′26″E / 8.15028°S 112.57389°E / -8.15028; 112.57389JenisHimpitan manusia, hooliganisme sepak bola, kesalahan polisi,...
Fictitious order of mammals Snouter redirects here. For the dog breed, see Schnauzer. A mock taxidermy of a rhinograde, using its nasorium to fish, at the Musée zoologique de la ville de Strasbourg. Rhinogradentia is a fictitious order of extinct shrew-like mammals invented by German zoologist Gerolf Steiner. Members of the order, known as rhinogrades or snouters, are characterized by a nose-like feature called a nasorium, which evolved to fulfill a wide variety of functions in different spe...
ESPN Radio affiliate in Fort Myers Beach, Florida For the North Fort Myers, Florida radio station that held the call sign WWCN at 770 AM from 1991 to 2013, see WBCN (AM). WWCNFort Myers Beach, FloridaBroadcast areaFort Myers, FloridaFrequency99.3 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingPlaya 99.3ProgrammingFormatTropical musicOwnershipOwnerBeasley Broadcast Group, Inc.(Beasley Media Group Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsWBCN, WJPT, WRXK-FM, WXKBHistoryFirst air dateOctober 12, 1983 (1983-10-12)[...
English actor (1939–2014) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: John Bardon – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John BardonBardon as Jim Branning in EastEndersBornJohn Michael Jones(1939-08-25)25 August 1939[1]Brentfor...
Bilateral relationsLebanon–Russia relations Russia Lebanon Russian President Vladimir Putin with Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri in Malaysia, 2003 Lebanon–Russia relations (Russian: Российско-ливанские отношения) are the bilateral relations between the Lebanese Republic and the Russian Federation. Lebanon has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Beirut. Both states have cordial relations. 1770s In the 1770s, Russian troops occupied Beirut. [...
Alpha Ethniki 2002-2003 Competizione Alpha Ethniki Sport Calcio Edizione 67ª Organizzatore EPO Luogo Grecia Partecipanti 16 Risultati Vincitore Olympiakos(32º titolo) Retrocessioni PanachaïkīPAS Giannina Statistiche Miglior marcatore Nikos Liberopoulos (16) Cronologia della competizione 2001-2002 2003-2004 Manuale L'Alpha Ethniki 2002-2003 fu la 67ª edizione della massima serie del campionato di calcio greco, conclusa con la vittoria dell'Olympiacos Pireo, al suo trentaduesim...
KaiKai pada Februari 2016Nama asal김종인LahirKim Jong-in14 Januari 1994 (umur 30)Suncheon, Jeolla Selatan, Korea SelatanNama lainKaiPekerjaanPenyanyiaktorpenariKarier musikGenreK-popInstrumenVokalTahun aktif2012–sekarangLabelS.M. EntertainmentArtis terkaitEXOEXO-KSM Town Nama KoreaHangul김종인 Hanja金鐘仁 Alih AksaraGim Jong-inMcCune–ReischauerKim Chong-inNama panggungHangul카이 Alih AksaraGa-iMcCune–ReischauerKai Templat:Korean membutuhkan parameter |han...
Relatively long lasting emotional, internal and subjective state Good Mood redirects here. For the Ball Park Music album, see Good Mood (album). Part of a series onEmotions Affect Classification In animals Emotional intelligence Mood Regulation Interpersonal Dysregulation Valence Emotions Acceptance Admiration Affection Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Belongingness Boredom Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Curiosity Depression D...
Ogoni Flag designed by the M.O.S.O.P. Ogoni nationalism is a political ideology that seeks self determination by the Ogoni people. The Ogonis are one of the many indigenous peoples in the region of southeast Nigeria. They number about 1.5 million people and live in a 404-square-mile (1,050 km2) homeland which they also refer to as Ogoni, or Ogoniland. They share common oil-related environmental problems with the Ijaw people of Niger Delta. The Ogoni rose to international attention after ...
Сельское поселение России (МО 2-го уровня)Новотитаровское сельское поселение Флаг[d] Герб 45°14′09″ с. ш. 38°58′16″ в. д.HGЯO Страна Россия Субъект РФ Краснодарский край Район Динской Включает 4 населённых пункта Адм. центр Новотитаровская Глава сельского пос�...
جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالمجموعة الشمسية المكونات الشمس كوكب أقمار الكواكب الصغيرة كويكبات سحابة أورط سحابة هيلز مذنبات الكواكب عطارد الزهرة المريخ الأرض المشتري زحل نيبتون أورانوس القوائم المسافة من الشمس السطح الإهليلجي حسب الحجم الأقمار الطبيعية بوابة المجموعة ...
Part of a series on the History of Iran Prehistoric periodBCE / BC Baradostian culture c. 36,000–18,000 Zarzian culture c. 20,000–10,000 Shulaveri–Shomu culture c. 6000–5000 Zayandeh River Culture c. 6th millennium Dalma culture c. 5th millennium Ancient period Kura–Araxes culture 3400–2000 Proto-Elamite 3200–2700 Jiroft culture c. 3100–2200 Lullubi Kingdom/Zamua c. 3100-675 Elam 2700–539 Marhaši c. 2550-2020 Oxus Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kas...
Police rank and administrative position This article is about the police rank/position. For other uses, see Inspector (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 201...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Elliott Cresson Medal – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AwardElliott Cresson MedalElliott Cresson Medal given to Emile Berliner in 1913CountryUSAPresented byFranklin InstituteFirst awarded18...
_location_map.svg)
