Brantas River

Brantas River
Kali Brantas, Sungai Brantas
Brantas river, Kediri regency.
Brantas River is located in Java
Brantas River
Location of river mouth
Brantas River is located in Indonesia
Brantas River
Brantas River (Indonesia)
Location
Country Indonesia
ProvinceEast Java
Physical characteristics
SourceArjuno-Welirang
Mouth 
 • location
Madura Strait
Length320 km (200 mi)
Basin size11,900 km2 (4,600 sq mi)[1]
Discharge 
 • locationNear mouth
 • average579 m3/s (20,400 cu ft/s)
Basin features
River systemBrantas Basin (DAS220228)[1]
Lithography of Brantas river based on the painting by Abraham Salm (1865-1872)
Brantas river before 1940

The Brantas is the longest river in East Java, Indonesia.[2] It has a length of 320 km,[3] and drains an area of over 11,000 km2 from the southern slope of Mount Kawi-Kelud-Butak, Mount Wilis, and the northern slopes of Mount Liman-Limas, Mount Welirang, and Mount Anjasmoro.[4] Its course is semi-circular or spiral in shape: at its source, the river heads southeast, but gradually curves south, then southwest, west, then north, and finally it flows generally eastward at the point where it branches off to become the Kalimas and Porong River.

History

Brantas River in the area of Surabaya, early 20th century
Shallow Brantas river near Kediri.

King Mpu Sindok moved his kingdom from the Mataram Kingdom in Central Java to a new location on this river circa 950 A.D. Possibly (only one of several reasons given) due to a Mount Merapi volcanic eruption, he had to leave his kingdom to this new safe place near the present city of Madiun.

Cities and regencies on the Brantas River

Geography

The river flows in the eastern area of Java with a predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).[5] The annual average temperature in the area is 26 °C. The warmest month is October when the average temperature is around 30 °C, and the coldest is June, at 24 °C on average.[6] The average annual rainfall is 2982 mm. The wettest month is March, with an average of 496 mm of rainfall, and the driest is August, with 28 mm of rainfall.[7]

Brantas River
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
459
 
 
28
21
 
 
453
 
 
27
22
 
 
496
 
 
27
21
 
 
282
 
 
28
22
 
 
144
 
 
29
22
 
 
175
 
 
27
20
 
 
65
 
 
29
20
 
 
28
 
 
32
20
 
 
35
 
 
35
21
 
 
111
 
 
37
22
 
 
295
 
 
35
23
 
 
439
 
 
30
21
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [6]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
18
 
 
82
70
 
 
18
 
 
81
72
 
 
20
 
 
81
70
 
 
11
 
 
82
72
 
 
5.7
 
 
84
72
 
 
6.9
 
 
81
68
 
 
2.6
 
 
84
68
 
 
1.1
 
 
90
68
 
 
1.4
 
 
95
70
 
 
4.4
 
 
99
72
 
 
12
 
 
95
73
 
 
17
 
 
86
70
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor SK.511/MENHUT-V/2011 Tahun 2011 - Pusat Data Hukumonline".
  2. ^ Kali Brantas at Geonames.org (cc-by); Last updated 2013-06-04; Database dump downloaded 2015-11-27
  3. ^ Ramu, Kikkeri (December 2004). "Brantas River Basin Case Study, Indonesia" (PDF). Background Paper. Worldbank. p. 36.
  4. ^ Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 132.
  5. ^ Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L; McMahon, T A (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  6. ^ a b "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. 30 January 2016. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  7. ^ "NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)". NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission. 30 January 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.

7°27′36″S 112°25′49″E / 7.4599°S 112.4302°E / -7.4599; 112.4302