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Benjamin Williams Crowninshield
Benjamin Williams Crowninshield
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives; from Massachusetts's 2nd district
	In office; March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1831
Preceded by	Gideon Barstow
Succeeded by	Rufus Choate
5th United States Secretary of the Navy
	In office; January 16, 1815 – September 30, 1818
President	James Madison; James Monroe
Preceded by	William Jones
Succeeded by	Smith Thompson
Personal details
Born	December 27, 1772; Salem, Massachusetts Bay, British America
Died	February 3, 1851 (aged 78); Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political party	Democratic Republican (Before 1825); National Republican (1825–1834)
Spouse	Mary Boardman
Relatives	Jacob Crowninshield (Brother)

Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (December 27, 1772 – February 3, 1851) served as the United States Secretary of the Navy between 1815 and 1818, during the administrations of Presidents James Madison and James Monroe.

Early life

Crowninshield was born in Salem in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, the son of George Crowninshield (1734–1815) and Mary (née Derby) Crowninshield (1737–1813) who married in 1757.^[1] His father was a sea captain and merchant of the Boston Brahmin Crowninshield family.^[1] His family owned the lands near Mineral Spring, where the first Crowninshield family was cradled in the country.^[2]

His brothers included Congressman Jacob Crowninshield and George Crowninshield Jr., who owned Cleopatra's Barge, the first yacht to cross the Atlantic.^[3] His sister Mary Crowninshield was the wife of Congressman Nathaniel Silsbee.

Career

Crowninshield worked in the family shipping business, Geo. Crowninshield & Sons, serving at sea.

In 1811, Crowninshield was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a prominent benefactor of the first gerrymander. The redistricting of Essex county into two separate State House districts had led to the term gerrymander,^[4] with Crowninshield, who had lost the previous year's Senate seat in a combined Essex County,^[5] being placed in the new district specifically designed to favor Republicans over Federalists. Crowninshield would win his Senate seat by only 8 votes, over 100 votes less than the other Republican candidates.^[6]

However, Crowninshield lost his seat in the State House the next year, with the Newburyport Herald printing an editorial cartoon of a dead gerrymander and listing "B.W.C." as a "chief mourner".^[7] He was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate in 1812.^[8]

Secretary of the Navy

Crowninshield became Secretary of the Navy in January 1815, a position almost held by his brother Jacob Crowninshield ten years earlier, and managed the transition to a peacetime force in the years following the War of 1812.^[9] This included implementation of the new Board of Commissioners administrative system and the building of several ships of the line, the backbone of a much enhanced Navy. He also oversaw strategy and naval policy for the Second Barbary War in 1815.^[8]

United States House of Representatives

After leaving Navy office in 1818, Crowninshield returned to business and political affairs in Massachusetts, prospering in both.^[10] In addition to serving two more terms in the Massachusetts House, he was also elected to four terms the United States Congress from 1823 to 1831.^[8]

Personal life

On January 1, 1804, Crowninshield was married to Mary Boardman (1778–1840), the daughter of Francis Boardman and Mary (née Hodges) Boardman.^[1] Together, they were the parents of:

Elizabeth Boardman Crowninshield (1804–1884), who married William Mountford (1816–1885)
Mary C. Crowninshield (1806–1893), who married Charles Mifflin (1805–1875)
Francis Boardman Crowninshield (1809–1877), who married Sarah Putnam (1810–1880)^[11]
George Casper Crowninshield (1812–1857), who married Harriet Sears Crowninshield (1809–1873); they were the parents of Frances "Fanny" Cadwalader Crowninshield (1839–1911), the wife of John Quincy Adams II.
Annie G. Crowninshield (1815–1905), who married Jonathan Mason Warren (1811–1867)
Edward Augustus Crowninshield (1817–1859), who married Caroline Maria Welch (1820–1897). After his death, his widow married Howard Payson Arnold (1831–1910).

On his death in Boston 1851, Benjamin Williams Crowninshield was interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[1]

Residence

In 1810, Crowninshield, with Salem's premier architect Samuel McIntire, built a mansion at 180 Derby Street on the Salem Waterfront.^[12] Robert Brookhouse purchased the house and in 1861 deeded it to the Association for the Relief of Aged Women. Located next to the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, the house is now called the Brookhouse Home for Aged Women.

Descendants

Through his son Francis, he was the grandfather of Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1837–1892), a soldier in the Civil War and merchant, and the great-grandfather of Bowdoin Bradlee Crowninshield (1867–1948), a naval architect who specialized in the design of racing yachts,^[13] and Francis Boardman Crowninshield (1869–1950), who married heiress Louise Evelina du Pont (1877–1958).^[14]

Through his son Edward, Crowninshield was the grandfather of Frederic Crowninshield (1845–1918), the artist and author, and the great-grandfather of Francis Welch Crowninshield (1872–1947), the journalist, critic, and editor of Vanity Fair.^[15]

Crowninshield was also the great-great-grandfather of Charles Francis Adams III, also Secretary of the Navy from 1929 to 1933.

He was the great-great-great-grandfather of famed Washington Post newspaper editor Ben Bradlee (1921–2014).

Namesake

The destroyer USS Crowninshield (DD-134) was named in his honor.

References

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Davis, William Thomas (1894). Professional and Industrial History of Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Boston History Company. p. 594. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Davis, William Thomas (1895). Bench and Bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston History Company. p. 594. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Crowninshield, George (1913). The Story of George Crowninshield's Yacht, Cleopatra's Barge: On a Voyage of Pleasure to the Western Islands and the Mediterranean, 1816-1817. Private Print. p. 19. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ "Boston Gazette". March 26, 1812.
^ "Independent Chronicle". May 16, 1811.
^ "Salem Gazette". May 19, 1812.
^ "Unknown". Newburyport Herald. April 9, 1813.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Crowninshield, Benjamin Williams - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ "Benjamin Williams Crowninshield | Secretary of the Navy for James Monroe". cabinet-members.insidegov.com. Retrieved June 29, 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Crowninshield, Benjamin Williams; Patterson, Daniel Todd. "Benjamin Williams Crowninshield to Daniel Todd Patterson, March 27, 1818". loc.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Danvers Historical Society (1922). Historical collections of the Danvers Historical Society. Danvers Historical Society. p. 42.
^ "History".
^ "B. B. Crowninshield, Ship Designer, Dies; Former Head of Firm Planned 7-Masted Schooner". The New York Times. August 13, 1948. p. 15. ProQuest 108375711. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
^ "Louise du Pont Crowninshield papers". The Winterthur museum. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
^ "Art: Mr. Crowinshield Unloads". Time. November 1, 1943. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2010.

Sources

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History and Heritage Command.
United States Congress. "Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (id: C000946)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-03-04

Political offices
Preceded by William Jones	United States Secretary of the Navy 1815–1818	Succeeded by Smith Thompson
Party political offices
Preceded by Henry Dearborn	Democratic-Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 1818, 1819	Succeeded by William Eustis
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Gideon Barstow	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district 1823–1831	Succeeded by Rufus Choate
Preceded by Timothy Fuller	Chair of the House Naval Affairs Committee 1823–1825	Succeeded by Henry R. Storrs