Behavioural design is a sub-category of design, which is concerned with how design can shape, or be used to influence human behaviour.[1][2] All approaches of design for behaviour change acknowledge that artifacts have an important influence on human behaviour and/or behavioural decisions. They strongly draw on theories of behavioural change, including the division into personal, behavioural, and environmental characteristics as drivers for behaviour change.[2] Areas in which design for behaviour change has been most commonly applied include health and wellbeing, sustainability, safety and social context, as well as crime prevention.
Design for behaviour change developed from work on design psychology (also: behavioural design) conducted by Don Norman in the 1980s.[3] Norman’s ‘psychology of everyday things’ introduced concepts from ecological psychology and human factors research to designers, such as affordances, constraint feedback and mapping. They have provided guiding principles with regard to user experience and the intuitive use of artefacts, although this work did not yet focus specifically on influencing behavioural change.
The models that followed Norman’s original approach became more explicit about influencing behaviour, such as emotion design[4] and persuasive technology.[5] Perhaps since 2005, a greater number of theories have developed that explicitly address design for behaviour change. These include a diversity of theories, guidelines and toolkits for behaviour change (discussed below) covering the different domains of health, sustainability, safety, crime prevention and social design. With the emergence of the notion of behaviour change, a much more explicit discussion has also begun about the deliberate influence of design although a review of this area from 2012[6] has identified that a lack of common terminology, formalized research protocols and target behaviour selection are still key issues. Key issues are the situations in which design for behaviour change could or should be applied; whether its influence should be implicit or explicit, voluntary or prescriptive; and of the ethical consequences of one or the other.
In 1969, Herbert Simon's understanding of design as "devising courses of action to change existing situations into preferred ones" acknowledged its capacity to create change.[7] Since then, the role of design in influencing human behaviour has become much more widely acknowledged.[1][8][9][10][11] It is further recognised that design in its various forms, whether as objects, services, interiors, architecture and environments, can create change that is both desirable as well as undesirable, intentional and unintentional.
Desirable and undesirable effects are often closely intertwined whereby the first is usually intentionally designed, while the latter might be an unintentional effect. For example, the impact of cars has been profound in enhancing social mobility on the one hand, while transforming cities and increasing resource demand and pollution on the other. The first is generally regarded as a positive effect. The impact of associated road building on cities, however, has largely had a detrimental impact on the living environment. Furthermore, resource use and pollution associated with cars and their infrastructure have prompted a rethinking of human behaviour and the technology used, as part of the sustainable design movement, resulting for example in schemes promoting less travel or alternative transport such as trains and bike riding. Similar effects, sometimes desirable, sometimes undesirable can be observed in other areas including health, safety and social spheres. For example, mobile phones and computers have transformed the speed and social code of communication, leading not only to an increased ability to communicate, but also to an increase in stress levels with a wide range of health impacts[12] and to safety issues.[13]
Taking lead from Simon, it could be argued that designers have always attempted to create "preferable" situations. However, recognising the important but not always benevolent role of design, Jelsma emphasises that designers need to take moral responsibility for the actions which take place with artefacts as a result of humans interactions:
"artefacts have a co-responsibility for the way action develops and for what results. If we waste energy or produce waste in routine actions such as in the household practices, that has to do with the way artefacts guide us"[14]
In response, design for behaviour change acknowledges this responsibility and seeks to put ethical behaviour and goals higher on the agenda. To this end, it seeks to enable consideration for the actions and services associated with any design, and the consequences of these actions, and to integrate this thinking into the design process.
To enable the process of behavioural change through design, a range of theories, guidelines and tools have been developed to promote behaviour change that encourages pro-environmental and social actions and lifestyles from designers as well as user.
Design for behaviour change is an openly value-based approach that seeks to promote ethical behaviours and attitudes within social and environmental contexts. This raises questions about whose values are promoted and to whose benefit. While intrinsically seeking to promote socially and environmentally ethical practices, there are two possible objections: The first is that such approaches can be seen a paternalistic, manipulative and disenfranchising where decisions about the environment are being made by one person or group for another with or without consultation.[31] The second objection is that this approach can be abused, for example in that apparently positive goals of behaviour change might be made simply to serve commercial gain without regard for the envisaged ethical concerns. The debate about the ethical considerations of design for behaviour change is still emerging, and will develop with the further development of the field.
When designing for behavior change, the misapplication of behavioral design can trigger backfires, when they accidentally increasing the bad behavior they were originally designed to reduce. Given the stigma of triggering bad outcomes, researchers believe that persuasive backfires effects are common but rarely published, reported, or discussed. [32]
The use of 3rd wave AI techniques to achieve behavior change, intensifies the debate over behavior change.[33] These technologies are more effective than previous techniques, but like AI in other fields it is also more opaque to both users and designers.[34] As the field of behavioral design continues to evolve, the role of AI is becoming increasingly prominent, offering new opportunities to create desirable behavioral outcomes across various contexts. In healthcare, innovative methods like PROLIFERATE_AI exemplify a powerful approach to influencing human behavior in targeted and measurable ways.[35][36] These strategies leverage AI-driven and person-centered feedback mechanisms, such as participatory design, to enhance the evaluation and implementation of health innovations.[36]
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Myelin formed by Schwann cells in the PNS Fatty substance that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase transmission speed MyelinStructure of simplified neuron in the PNSNeuron with oligodendrocyte and myelin sheath in the CNSDetailsSystemNervous systemIdentifiersFMA62977Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata] Myelin is a lipid-rich extramembranous structure found on the axons and (less commonly) dendrites of neuron in many bilaterian animals, mainly vertebrates,[1] …
Koffi Dan Kowa Informações pessoais Nome completo Koffi Dan Kowa Data de nascimento 19 de setembro de 1989 (34 anos) Local de nascimento Acra, Gana Informações profissionais Posição Defensor Clubes profissionais Anos Clubes Jogos e gol(o)s Sahel SC Seleção nacional 2008- Níger 59 (4) Koffi Dan Kowa (Acra, 19 de setembro de 1989) é um futebolista profissional nigerino que atua como defensor. Carreira Koffi Dan Kowa representou o elenco da Seleção Nigerina de Futebol no…
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Tiada Hari yang Tak IndahGenre Drama Religi Komedi Skenario Musfar Yasin Eko Hartono CeritaMusfar YasinSutradaraAgus EliasPemeran El Manik Nikita Willy Widyawati Sophiaan Rezky Aditya Raya Kohandi Cut Syifa Rizky Nazar Lian Firman Atalarik Syach Jihan Fahira Dante Valreand Juan Benedict Rasyid Karim Bara Rusli Eddie Riwanto Hengky Tarnando Sheila Rizkyana Akja Damara Reynaldi Putra Lagu pembukaAbadi — All StarsLagu penutupAbadi — All StarsPenata musikBellaNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asl…
Private, college-prep school in Santa Fe Springs, California, United States This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: St. Paul High School Santa Fe Springs, California – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Saint Paul High Sch…
British public service broadcaster This article is about the public service broadcaster. For its forerunner/predecessor, see British Broadcasting Company. For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). British Broadcasting CorporationLogo used since 2021TypeStatutory corporation with a royal charterIndustryMass mediaPredecessorBritish Broadcasting CompanyFounded18 October 1922; 101 years ago (1922-10-18) (as British Broadcasting Company)1 January 1927; 96 years ago …
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2016) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (فب…
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Devil's Got Your Gold – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2006 studio album by FrankDevil's Got Your GoldStudio album by FrankReleased7 August 2006GenrePopR&BLength47:03Label…
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