Beam deflection tube

Basic self-oscillating circuit

Beam deflection tubes, sometimes known as sheet beam tubes, are vacuum tubes with an electron gun, a beam intensity control grid, a screen grid, sometimes a suppressor grid, and two electrostatic deflection electrodes on opposite sides of the electron beam that can direct the rectangular beam to either of two anodes in the same plane.

They can be used as two-quadrant, single-balanced mixers or (de)modulators with very linear qualities. Their mode of operation is similar to one-half of a Gilbert cell by applying an unbalanced signal f1 to the control grid and a balanced signal f2 to the deflection electrodes, then extracting the balanced mixing products f1 − f2 and f1 + f2 from the two anodes.[1][2] Similar to a pentagrid converter, the cathode and the first two grids can be made into an oscillator. Two beam deflection tubes can be combined to form a double-balanced mixer.

They need extensive shielding against external magnetic fields. The ballistic deflection transistors currently under development employ a similar principle.

Examples

See also: List of vacuum tubes
  • 6218/E80T - Modulated beam deflection tube, for pulse generation up to 375 MHz; single-anode version, shock-proof up to 500 g
  • 7360 - Balanced modulator or product detector up to 100 MHz
  • 6AR8, 6JH8, 6ME8 - Analog television chroma signal demodulators used in color TV receivers

More elaborate applications of the principle include:

  • 2H21 and 5593 - Magnetically controlled "Phasitron" phase modulator tubes[3] used in early FM broadcast transmitters.[4][5]
  • 6090 - 18-channel analog demultiplexer for telecomms receiving channel banks, an electrostatic deflection field determines which one out of 18 anodes receives the electron beam controlled by a common grid[6]
  • 6170 and 6324 - 25-channel analog multiplexer for telecomms transmitting channel banks, a rotating magnetic deflection field determines through which one out of 25 grids the electron beam passes to the common anode[7]
  • 6462 Magnetic pickup tube, a 1-axis magnetometer with approx. 1 G (100 μT) resolution; the electron beam is electrostatically centered between two anodes while no magnetic field is present; the magnetic field to be detected will then deflect the beam more towards one of the anodes, resulting in an imbalance between the two anode currents
  • E1T - Trochotron with a fluorescent-screen readout
  • QK329 - Square-law tube for use as a function generator in analog computers. A flat sheet beam is deflected across the anode which is partially covered by a parabolically stenciled screen "grid" that acts as the tube's output.[8]
  • Parallel-output PCM tube, an analog-to-digital converter with per-bit, vertical anode bars with perforations encoding the Gray code.[9] A flat, horizontal sheet beam was then vertically deflected by the input analog signal across the perforated anode array, causing the digital representation of the analog signal to appear on the anodes.

With two-axis deflection:

  • Serial-output PCM tube, an analog-to-digital converter with one anode having binary-encoding perforations.[10][11] As in an oscilloscope, the beam was swept horizontally by a sawtooth wave at the sample rate while the vertical deflection was controlled by the input analog signal, causing the beam to pass through higher or lower portions of the perforated anode. The anode collected or passed the beam, producing current variations in binary code, one bit at a time.
  • CK1414 Character generator monoscope for text mode video rendering in early computer monitors, with a square target having letters, digits and symbols patterned on it in a customer-supplied 8x8 or 8x12 array. An electron beam selects and scans a character, both by appropriate deflection, and generates an analog video signal.[12][13]
  • 7828 Scan conversion tube, an analog video standards transcoder consisting of a CRT/camera tube combination. The CRT part does not write onto a phosphor, but onto a thin, dielectric target; the camera part reads the deposited charge pattern at a different scan rate from the back side of this target.[14] The setup could also be used as a genlock.
  • Selectron tube
  • Storage tube
  • Williams tube

References

  1. ^ M. B. Knight (1960). "A new miniature beam deflection tube" (PDF). RCA Electron Tube Division. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  2. ^ H. C. Vance K2FF (1960). "SSB Exciter Circuits Using a New Beam-Deflection Tube" (PDF). QST. Retrieved May 30, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "GL-2H21 Phasitron". General Electric. September 1945. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  4. ^ Robert Adler (January 1947). "A New System of Frequency Modulation" (PDF). Institute of Radio Engineers. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  5. ^ Rider, John. F. & Seymour D. Uslan (1948). "THE GENERAL ELECTRIC TRANSMITTER" (PDF). John F. Rider. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  6. ^ "6090 18 channel radial beam tube - multiple anode type data sheet" (PDF). National Union Electric Corporation. January 1956. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  7. ^ "6170 & 6324 25 channel radial beam tube - multiple grid type data sheet" (PDF). National Union Electric Corporation. December 1955. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  8. ^ Miller, Joseph A.; Soltes, Aaron S.; Scott, Ronald E. (February 1955). "Wide-band Analog Function Multiplier" (PDF). Electronics. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  9. ^ Goodall, W. M. (January 1951). "Bell Systems Technical Journal, Vol. 30: Television by Pulse Code Modulation". Bell labs. pp. 33–49. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  10. ^ Sears, R. W. (January 1948). "Bell Systems Technical Journal, Vol. 27: Electron Beam Deflection Tube for Pulse Code Modulation". Bell labs. pp. 44–57. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  11. ^ US patent 2632058
  12. ^ "CK1414 Symbolray character generating cathode ray tube data sheet" (PDF). Raytheon Company components division, industrial components operation. 15 April 1966. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  13. ^ "Symbolray™ application note" (PDF). Raytheon Company components division, industrial components operation. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  14. ^ "GEC 7828 Scan conversion tube data sheet" (PDF). General Electric Corporation. 10 April 1961. Retrieved 21 April 2017.