Bay of Islands

Bay of Islands
Bay of Islands
	Urupukapuka Island
	Bay of Islands
Location	North Island
Coordinates	35°12′S 174°10′E / 35.200°S 174.167°E
Type	Bay
Part of	Pacific Ocean
Basin countries	New Zealand

The Bay of Islands is an area on the east coast of the Far North District of the North Island of New Zealand. It is one of the most popular fishing, sailing and tourist destinations in the country, and has been renowned internationally for its big-game fishing since American author Zane Grey publicised it in the 1930s. It is 60 km (37 mi) north-west of the city of Whangārei. Cape Reinga, at the northern tip of the country, is about 210 km (130 mi) by road further to the north-west.

Geography

The bay itself is an irregularly-shaped 16 km (10 mi)-wide, 260 km² (100 sq mi)^[1] drowned valley system^[2] and a natural harbour. It contains 144 islands,^[1] of which the largest is Urupukapuka,^[3] and numerous peninsulas and inlets. The three largest inlets are Waikare Inlet in the south, and Kerikeri and Te Puna (Mangonui) inlets in the north-west. The Purerua Peninsula, north of Te Puna Inlet, separates the north-western part of the bay from the Pacific Ocean, and Cape Brett Peninsula extends 10 km (6 mi) into the ocean at the eastern end of the bay. The biggest town is Kerikeri, followed by Paihia. The small town of Russell is located at the end of a short peninsula that extends into the bay from the southeast.

History

About 700 years ago, the Mātaatua, one of the large Māori migration canoes which journeyed to New Zealand from Hawaiki, was sailed to the Bay of Islands (from the Bay of Plenty) by Puhi, a progenitor of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe) which today is the largest in the country.^[4] Māori settled and multiplied throughout the bay and on several of its many islands to establish various tribes such as the Ngāti Miru at Kerikeri. Many notable Māori were born in the Bay of Islands, including Hōne Heke who several times cut down the flagpole at Kororāreka (Russell) to start the Flagstaff War.

Many of the Māori settlements later played important roles in the development of New Zealand, such as Okiato (the nation's first capital), Waitangi (where the Treaty of Waitangi would later be signed) and Kerikeri, (which was an important departure point for inland Māori going to sea, and later site of the first permanent mission station in the country). Some of the islands became notable as well, such as Motu Apo (Te Pahi Island) where 60 of chief Te Pahi's people were killed as revenge after he was wrongly accused of being responsible for the Boyd Massacre at Whangaroa.

The first European to visit the area was Captain Cook, who named the region in 1769. The Bay of Islands was the first area in New Zealand to be settled by Europeans. Whalers arrived towards the end of the 18th century, while the first missionaries settled in 1814. The first full-blooded European child recorded as being born in the country, Thomas King, was born in 1815 at Oihi Bay in the Bay of Islands (there have been unsubstantiated claims that a European girl was born earlier at the Dusky Sound settlement in the South Island).

The bay has many interesting historic towns including Paihia, Russell, Waitangi and Kerikeri. Russell, formerly known as Kororāreka, was the first permanent European settlement in New Zealand, and dates from the early 19th century. Kerikeri contains many historic sites from the earliest European colonial settlement in the country. These include the Mission House, also called Kemp House, which is the oldest wooden structure still standing in New Zealand. The Stone Store, a former storehouse, is the oldest stone building in New Zealand, construction having begun on 19 April 1832.

The Bay of Islands was visited in the 19th century by sealing ships and whaling ships that hunted in the ocean around New Zealand,^[5] often bartering with local iwi to restock their food supplied with local potatoes and pork.^[6] In December 1835 Charles Darwin visited the Bay of Islands in HMS Beagle.^[7]^[8] In February 1840, some members of the United States Exploring Expedition were present at the initial signing of the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi.^[9]

In a 2006 study, the Bay of Islands was found to have the second bluest sky in the world, after Rio de Janeiro.^[10]

A new fast boat manufactured by the Explore Group was introduced in the Bay of Islands in 2019 to take visitors to the Hole in the Rock at speed. The daily transport facility can seat up to 30 passengers and will ply several times during the day.^[11]

Cream Trip

In 1886, Albert Ernest Fuller launched the sailing ship Undine in the Bay of Islands to deliver coal supplies to the islands within the Bay. With the fitting of a motor in the early 20th century, Fuller was able to deliver the coal and essential supplies to communities as far out as Cape Brett.

In 1927 Fuller acquired Cream Trip from Eddie Lane – with the facilities on board to transport cream from the islands, and by the 1960s, the newly commissioned Bay Belle started this run.

Although a modern catamaran now takes this historical route of the original Cream Trip, Bay Belle continues to transport visitors and locals between Paihia and Russell throughout the day.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b Hartel, Elizabeth F.; Constantine, Rochelle; Torres, Leigh G. (2014). "Changes in habitat use patterns by bottlenose dolphins over a 10-year period render static management boundaries ineffective". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 25 (5): 701–711. doi:10.1002/aqc.2465.
^ Edbrooke, S.W.; Brook, F.J. (compilers) (2009). Geology of the Whangarei Area. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 Geological Map 2 Archived 30 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Lower Hutt, New Zealand: GNS Science.
^ "Historic Urupukapuka Island". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "2006 Census – QuickStats About Māori (revised)". Statistics New Zealand. 4 April 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
^ Wolfe, Richard (2005). Hellhole of the Pacific. Penguin Books(NZ). ISBN 0143019872.
^ Colenso, William (1880). "On the vegetable food of the ancient New Zealanders before Cook's visit". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 13: 3–38. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
^ Charles Darwin, Journal of a Voyage Round the World, 1831–36
^ Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004). Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands. Penguin Books, New Zealand. pp. 219–230. ISBN 0-14-301929-5.
^ Wilkes, Charles (1845). Narrative of the United States exploring expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Vol. 2. Lea and Blanchard. p. 375. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2018. ...a disastrous circumstance for the natives...
^ Dumé, Belle (2 August 2006). "World's bluest sky revealed". Optics.org. Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
^ "New fast boat for Bay of Islands". The New Zealand Herald. 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
^ "The Cream Trip". Fullers GreatSights Bay of Islands. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.