Aurignacian

See also: Prehistoric Europe
Aurignacian

Cave lion drawings from the Chauvet Cave, 37,000 to 33,500 years old, and a map of Aurignacian sites
Geographical rangeEurasia
PeriodUpper Paleolithic
Datesc. 43,000 – c. 28,000 BP[1][2]
Type siteAurignac
Preceded byAhmarian, Châtelperronian
Followed byGravettian, Mal'ta–Buret' culture
Defined byBreuil and Cartailhac, 1906[3]
The expansion of early modern humans from the Levant where the Levantine Aurignacian stage has been identified

The Aurignacian (/ɔːrɪɡˈneɪʃən/) is an archaeological industry of the Upper Paleolithic associated with Early European modern humans (EEMH) lasting from 43,000 to 26,000 years ago. The Upper Paleolithic developed in Europe some time after the Levant, where the Emiran period and the Ahmarian period form the first periods of the Upper Paleolithic, corresponding to the first stages of the expansion of Homo sapiens out of Africa.[4] They then migrated to Europe and created the first European culture of modern humans, the Aurignacian.[5]

The Proto-Aurignacian and the Early Aurignacian stages are dated between about 43,000 and 37,000 years ago. The Aurignacian proper lasted from about 37,000 to 33,000 years ago. A Late Aurignacian phase transitional with the Gravettian dates to about 33,000 to 26,000 years ago.[6][5] The type site is the Cave of Aurignac, Haute-Garonne, south-west France. The main preceding period is the Mousterian of the Neanderthals.

One of the oldest examples of figurative art, the Venus of Hohle Fels, comes from the Aurignacian or Proto-Gravettian and is dated to between 40,000 and 35,000 years ago (though now earlier figurative art may be known, see Lubang Jeriji Saléh). It was discovered in September 2008 in a cave at Schelklingen in Baden-Württemberg in western Germany. The German Lion-man figure is given a similar date range.

A "Levantine Aurignacian" culture is known from the Levant, with a type of blade technology very similar to the European Aurignacian, following chronologically the Emiran and Early Ahmarian in the same area of the Near East, and also closely related to them.[7] The Levantine Aurignacian may have preceded European Aurignacian, but there is a possibility that the Levantine Aurignacian was rather the result of reverse influence from the European Aurignacian: this remains unsettled.[8]

Main characteristics

The Lion-man of Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany, 40,000 BP

The Aurignacians are part of the wave of anatomically modern humans thought to have spread from Africa through the Near East into Paleolithic Europe, and became known as European early modern humans, or Cro-Magnons.[4] This wave of anatomically modern humans includes fossils of the Ahmarian, Bohunician, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian cultures, extending throughout the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), covering the period of roughly 48,000 to 15,000 years ago.[4] In terms of population, the Aurignacian cultural complex is chronologically associated with the human remains of Goyet Q116-1, while the subsequent Gravettian is associated with the Vestonice cluster.[9]

The Aurignacian tool industry is characterized by worked bone or antler points with grooves cut in the bottom. Their flint tools include fine blades and bladelets struck from prepared cores rather than using crude flakes.[10] The people of this culture also produced some of the earliest known cave art, such as the animal engravings at Trois Freres and the paintings at Chauvet cave in southern France. They also made pendants, bracelets, and ivory beads, as well as three-dimensional figurines. Perforated rods, thought to be spear throwers or shaft wrenches, also are found at their sites.

Art

See also: Art of the Upper Paleolithic

Aurignacian figurines have been found depicting faunal representations of the time period associated with now-extinct mammals, including mammoths, rhinoceros, and tarpan, along with anthropomorphized depictions that may be interpreted as some of the earliest evidence of religion.

Many 35,000-year-old animal figurines were discovered in the Vogelherd Cave in Germany.[11] One of the horses, amongst six tiny mammoth and horse ivory figures found previously at Vogelherd, was sculpted as skillfully as any piece found throughout the Upper Paleolithic. The production of ivory beads for body ornamentation was also important during the Aurignacian. The famous paintings in Chauvet cave date from this period.

Typical statuettes consist of women that are called Venus figurines. They emphasize the hips, breasts, and other body parts associated with fertility. Feet and arms are lacking or minimized. One of the most ancient figurines is the Venus of Hohle Fels, discovered in 2008 in the Hohle Fels cave in Germany. The figurine has been dated to 35,000 years ago and is the earliest known, undisputed example of a depiction of a human being in prehistoric art.[12][13] The Lion-man of Hohlenstein-Stadel, found in the Hohlenstein-Stadel cave of Germany's Swabian Alb and dated to 40,000 years ago, is the oldest known anthropomorphic animal figurine in the world.

Aurignacian finds include bone flutes. The oldest undisputed musical instrument was the Hohle Fels Flute discovered in the Hohle Fels cave in Germany's Swabian Alb in 2008.[14] The flute is made from a vulture's wing bone perforated with five finger holes, and dates to approximately 35,000-40,000 years ago.[14] A flute was also found at the Abri Blanchard in southwestern France.[15]

  • Decorated ivory pendant from Stajnia Cave, Poland, c. 41,500 BP[16]
    Decorated ivory pendant from Stajnia Cave, Poland, c. 41,500 BP[16]
  • Bone flute, 35,000-40,000 years old
    Bone flute, 35,000-40,000 years old
  • The Adorant of Geissenklösterle, Germany
    The Adorant of Geissenklösterle, Germany
  • The Adorant of Geissenklösterle, reverse side with notches
    The Adorant of Geissenklösterle, reverse side with notches
  • The Venus of Hohle Fels figurine (height 6 cm), 35,000 BP
    The Venus of Hohle Fels figurine (height 6 cm), 35,000 BP
  • Horse figurine from Vogelherd Cave, Germany
    Horse figurine from Vogelherd Cave, Germany
  • Animal figurine from Vogelherd Cave
    Animal figurine from Vogelherd Cave
  • Chauvet Cave painting, France
    Chauvet Cave painting, France
  • Possible musical bow from Geisenklösterle, Germany
    Possible musical bow from Geisenklösterle, Germany
  • Lion head sculpture, Vogelherd cave
    Lion head sculpture, Vogelherd cave
  • Lion sculpture, Vogelherd cave
    Lion sculpture, Vogelherd cave
  • Mammoth sculpture, Vogelherd cave
    Mammoth sculpture, Vogelherd cave
  • Venus of Galgenberg, Austria
    Venus of Galgenberg, Austria
  • Carved ivory from Brillenhöhle cave
    Carved ivory from Brillenhöhle cave
  • Engraved plaque from Abri Lartet, France
    Engraved plaque from Abri Lartet, France
  • Engraved plaque from Abri Blanchard, France
    Engraved plaque from Abri Blanchard, France
  • Necklace from Castel Merle, France
    Necklace from Castel Merle, France
  • Aurignacian jewellery, Belgium
    Aurignacian jewellery, Belgium
  • A painting of a hand in the Cave of Aurignac, France
    A painting of a hand in the Cave of Aurignac, France
  • Jewelry, Fazael, Israel, Upper Paleolithic.
    Jewelry, Fazael, Israel, Upper Paleolithic.
  • A carving of a running horse, Hayonim Cave, Levant.
    A carving of a running horse, Hayonim Cave, Levant.

Tools

Stone tools from the Aurignacian culture are known as Mode 4, characterized by blades (rather than flakes, typical of mode 2 Acheulean and mode 3 Mousterian) from prepared cores. Also seen throughout the Upper Paleolithic is a greater degree of tool standardization and the use of bone and antler for tools. Based on the research of scraper reduction and paleoenvironment, the early Aurignacian group moved seasonally over greater distances to procure reindeer herds within cold and open environments than those of the earlier tool cultures.[17]

Population

Forensic reconstruction of the Kostenki-14 modern human (38,700–36,200 year ago), considered as Aurignacian.[18][19][20] M.M. Gerasimov, Moscow State Archaeological Museum

A 2019 demographic analysis estimated a mean population of 1,500 persons (upper limit: 3,300; lower limit: 800) for western and central Europe during the Aurignacian period (~42,000 to 33,000 y cal BP).[21]

A 2005 study estimated the population of Upper Palaeolithic Europe from 40–30 thousand years ago was 1,738–28,359 (average 4,424).[22]

Association with modern humans

Main article: Cro-Magnon

The sophistication and self-awareness demonstrated in the work led archaeologists to consider the makers of Aurignacian artifacts the first modern humans in Europe. Human remains and Late Aurignacian artifacts found in juxtaposition support this inference. Although finds of human skeletal remains in direct association with Proto-Aurignacian technologies are scarce in Europe, the few available are also probably modern human. The best dated association between Aurignacian industries and human remains are those of at least five individuals from the Mladeč caves in the Czech Republic, dated by direct radiocarbon measurements of the skeletal remains to at least 31,000–32,000 years old.[10]

At least three robust, but typically anatomically-modern, individuals from the Peștera cu Oase cave in Romania, were dated directly from the bones to ca. 35,000–36,000 BP. Although not associated directly with archaeological material, these finds are within the chronological and geographical range of the Early Aurignacian in southeastern Europe.[10] On genetic evidence it has been argued that both Aurignacian and the Dabba culture of North Africa came from an earlier big game hunting Levantine Aurignacian culture of the Levant.[23]

Genetics

Genetic position of the Goyet cluster, corresponding to the Aurignacian, in relation to other hunter-gatherers

In a genetic study published in Nature in May 2016, the remains of an early Aurignacian individual, Goyet Q116-1 from modern-day Belgium, were examined. He belonged to the paternal haplogroup C1a and the maternal haplogroup M.[24] Haplogroups identified in other Aurignacian samples are the paternal haplogroups C1b and K2a;[note 1][27] and mt-DNA haplogroup N, R, and U.[note 2]

The Aurignacian material culture is associated with the expansion of 'early West Eurasians' during the Upper-Paleolithic, replacing or merging with previous Initial Upper Paleolithic cultures to which possibly relates the European Châtelperronian.[29][30]

Map
selected Aurignacian sites (CC BY-SA 4.0 ROCEEH)

Location

class=notpageimage|
A map of the Mediterranean with important Aurignacian sites (clickable map)

Europe

Near-East

Asia

Lebanon/Palestine/Israel region

  • Contained within a stratigraphic column, along with other cultures.[31]

Siberia

See also

The Paleolithic
↑ Pliocene (before Homo)
Lower Paleolithic
 (c. 3.3 Ma – 300 ka)
Middle Paleolithic
 (c. 300–50 ka)
Upper Paleolithic
 (c. 50–12 ka)

Fertile Crescent:

Europe:

Africa:

Siberia:

↓ Mesolithic
Preceded by Aurignacian
43,000–26,000 BP 		Succeeded by

Notes

  1. ^ Kostenki-14 (Russia): C1b, Goyet Q116-1 (Belgium) C1a,[25] Sungir (Russia): C1a2, Ust'-Ishim and Oase-1: K2a[26]
  2. ^ Haplogroup N was found in two Gravettian-era fossils, Paglicci 52 Paglicci 12, and is widespread in Central Asia[28]

References

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Sources

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