The Army of the Rhine (French: Armée du Rhin) was a French military unit that fought in the Franco-Prussian War. It was created after the declaration of war on July 18 1870.
The unit participated in combats in Lorraine, then divided to form a second army, the Army of Châlons.
The Army of the Rhine surrendered on 27 October at the Siege of Metz.
Creation of the unit
The Army of the Rhine was the first French Army constituted after the declaration of war, formed from the available troops during peacetime. Initially commanded by the Emperor Napoleon III, the Army included the Imperial Guard (French: La Garde Impériale), 7 Army Corps and a general reserve. Each Army Corps was constituted of 3 or 4 infantry division and 1 cavalry division made up of 2 or 3 brigades each, one artillery reserve and one engineer reserve. Each brigade counted 2 or 3 line infantry or line cavalry regiments.
The infantry divisions included an artillery component with 2 batteries de canons de 4 and 1 de mitrailleuse, while the cavalry divisions constituted 2 batteries horse mounted.
The general Cavalry Reserve was supposed to be formed initially of 3 divisions with 2 brigades each. However, only 2 divisions were available as the 1st Division was employed to reinforce the Army of Châlons as the cavalry of the 6th Corps.
The general Artillery Reserve, commanded by général Canu, formed at Nancy and made its way to Metz.
The general Engineer Reserve was commanded by colonel Rémond.
On August 1, 1870, the Army of the Rhine was constituted of seven Army Corps and of artillery and reserve cavalry. Lieutenant-colonel Rousset tendered an estimative decomposition by grand units:[3]
The Cavalry Division attached to the 6th Army Corps since August 18 in replacement of the division of Salignac-Fénelon, was commanded by général du Barail
^In Histoire générale de la guerre franco allemande - 1870–1871, Tome 1 pages 116–124.
^Les dates communiquées dans cette colonne sont les dates correspondant au relevés théoriques d'effectifs. Ces valeurs sont en effet théoriques car l'ensemble des unités n'étaient, à ces dates, pas toutes réunies autour de leur corps d'affectation.
^In Histoire générale de la guerre franco allemande - 1870–1871, Tome 1, pages 395–405.
^Marie Justin Lin Soleille or simply Justin Soleille
^the 14th, 20th, and 31st Line Infantry Regiments did not join and were integrated in the 12th Army Corps. The Division was accordingly reduced to the 9th line Infantry Regiment.
^Promoted général on September 26, colonel Gibon replaced général de Marguenat and was killed at Ladonchamps on October 7.
^This division did not join the Army Corps and was replaced, on August 18, by the Division of général du Barail.
^The artillery reserves and engineers of the 6th Corps were not able to join. The artillery reserve was reconstituted from the general reserves of the army.
^Colonel Morand was promoted to général August 25 and replaced général Nicolaï, prisoner. He was killed at Beaumont on August 30.
^Colonel de Gramont was promoted to général and replaced général Maire, killed during the battle of Frœschwiller.
^79th Infantry Regiment did not join initially and was replaced with the 72nd Infantry Regiment. Finally, the regiment was assigned to the 12th Army Corps.
^The 2nd Brigade of the Cavalry Division of the 7th Army Corps did not join.
^The 1st Cavalry Division (reserve) was dislocated before the blockade of Metz. The Margueritte Brigade was assigned to the Army of Châlons. Brigade Lajaille was assigned to the 6th Army Corps to constitute the respective Division Cavalry.
Sources and bibliography
Lieutenant-colonel Rousset, Histoire générale de la guerre franco allemande - 1870–1871, éditions Montgredien et Cie, 1900.
Paul et Victor Margueritte, Histoire de la guerre de 1870–71, Éditions G. Chamerot, 1903.
Général Niox, La guerre de 1870 - Simple récit, Librairie Ch. Delagrave, 1898.
Annuaire militaire de l'empire français 1870
Ferdinand Lecomte : Relation historique et critique de la guerre franco-allemande en 1870–1871
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