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Arin
Arin
Ar; Ara
Native to	Russia
Region	Yenisei River
Ethnicity	Arin people
Extinct	late 1730s, with the death of Arzamas Loskutov
Language family	Dené–Yeniseian? Yeniseian Arinic Arin; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xrn
Linguist List	xrn
Glottolog	arin1243
	Map of pre-contact Yeniseian languages. Arin is in blue.

Arin is an extinct Yeniseian language formerly spoken in Russia by the Arin people along the Yenisei River, predominantly on its left shore, between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk,^[2] north of the Minusinsk region. However, it has been suggested that the Arin people had historically occupied a larger geographical range. It became extinct in the 18th century,^[2]^[3] with the death of Arzamas Loskutov,^[1] who was an informant for Gerhard Friedrich Müller in 1731.^[4]

It is believed that the term Ar or Ara was used by speakers of Arin to refer to themselves.^[2]

Geographical distribution

Hydronyms associated with Arin have the suffixes -set, -igai, -lat, -zat, -zet and -sat (meaning "river") and -kul'/-kul (meaning "water").^[5] These hydronyms, along with Khanty folklore telling of an eastern people known as the ar-jäx "Ar people", indicate that Arin may have once been spread out as far west as the Ob.^[2]^[6]

Classification

It is classified as belonging to the Arinic branch, being its only attested language.^[6] The closest known relative of Arin, Pumpokol, has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite of the Xiongnu,^[7] as well as that of the Jie ruling class of the Later Zhao dynasty.^[8]

Phonology

One notable aspect of the Arin phonology is the correspondence of words starting with the word-initial k- and words in other Yeniseian languages that start with a bare vowel. For example, the Arin word kul (meaning 'water') corresponds to the Ket word uˑl’ and the Kott word ûl.^[9]

Vowels

The vowel system in Arin is as follows:^[5]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ	(ʌ)¹	ɔ
Open	æ	a

The sound [ʌ], transcribed as ö, is only attested in the words ögga 'six', qoa-ögga 'sixteen', ögťuːŋ 'sixty', and utqʼöːnoŋ 'ear', and potentially also in pon’a (also recorded as pun) 'duck'.

Consonants

		Labial		Dental	Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal
		plain	pal.	Dental	Palatal	plain	pal.	plain	pal.	Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal
Plosive	voiceless	p [p]	pʼh [pʲ]	t [t]	tʼ [tʲ]	k [k]	kʼ [kʲ]	q [q]	qʼ [qʲ]	(ʔ [ʔ])¹
Plosive	voiced	b [b]		d [d]	dʼ [dʲ]	g [g]
Fricative	voiceless	(f [f])		s [s] š [ʃ]	sʼ [sʲ]			x [χ]		(h [h])
Fricative	voiced	(v [v])		z [z] ž [ʒ]
Affricate				c [t͡s]	č [t͡ʃ] (dž [d͡ʒ])
Nasal		m [m]	mʼ [mʲ]	n [n]	nʼ [nʲ]	ŋ [ŋ]
Lateral				l [l]	lʼ [lʲ]
Approximant					j [j]
Trill				r [r]	(rʼ [rʲ])

Consonants in parentheses are sparsely attested or unattested.

[ʔ] is only assumed from other Yeniseian languages and is only a prosodic device of tone.

There are 11 palatal-nonpalatal consonant oppositions.^[5]

Lexicon

Etymological analysis suggests that speakers of the Arin language, as with other members of the Yeniseian people, were bilingual in Siberian Turkic languages; for example, the Arin word teminkur (meaning "ore") has been suggested to stem from the Old Turkic compound word *tämir qān (meaning "iron blood").^[10] There are over 400 lexica for the Arin language, recorded in the 18th century.^[4]

General

Arin words in Pallas 1789^[11]
Russian gloss	бог	небо	вечер	лес	глина	поле	снег	ветер	вино
English translation	God	sky, heaven	evening	forest	clay	field	snow	spirit	wine
Arin translation	еc	эc	пись	още	тьюбурунг	кья́ба	тье	паи	арага́

Body parts

Arin body parts in Pallas 1789^[11]
Russian gloss	волос	голова	ухо	глаз	нос	рот	язык	щёки	борода	плечо	рука	пальцы	нога	живот	спина	плоть	сердце
English translation	hair	head	ear	eye	nose	mouth	tongue	cheek	beard	shoulder	hand	fingers	leg	stomach	back	flesh	heart
Arin translation	кья́ганг	колкья	уткьэно́нг	тенг	аркӷуй	бюкьо́н	алъяп	быкӷолю́нг	королеп	хинанг	пъӷяга	кӷо́лпас	пил	пъӷорга	кӷоп	ис	шеноугбу

Family members

Arin family member words in Pallas 1789^[11]
Russian gloss	отец	мать	сын	дочь	брат	сестра	муж	жена	девочка	мальчик	дитя	человек
English translation	father	mother	son	daughter	brother	sister	husband	wife	girl	boy	child	human, person
Arin translation	ипя, бъяп	бя́мя	бикял	бик-ялья	бамага́л	бамагалья	бикъярьят	бикӷама́л	бикъялья	бикъял	алполат	кьит

Numerals

Numerals in Arin^[5]^[12]
No.	Numerals (Werner 2005)	Numerals (Pallas 1789)
1	qusej	Кг̧узей
2	kina	Ки́на
3	tʼoŋa	Тьюнга
4	šája ~ šaga ~ šeja	Ша́га
5	qala ~ qaga ~ kala	Ка́ла
6	ögga ~ ɨga ~ ɛge	Эгга
7	ɨnʼa ~ ona ~ una	Ыньа
8	kinamančau	Кинаманчау́
9	qusamančau	Кг̧усаманчау
10	qoa	Кг̧оа
11	qóa-qúsa
12	qóa-kina
13	qóa-tʼoŋa
14	qoa-šaja
15	qoa-qala
16	qoa-ögga
17	qoa-ɨnʼa
18	qoa-kinamančaú
19	qoa-qusamančau
20	kintʼuŋ
30	tʼoŋtʼuːŋ
40	šájtʼuːŋ
50	qaltʼuːŋ
60	ögtʼuːŋ ~ uj-tuŋ
70	ɨ́ntʼuŋ
80	kina-mančaú tʼuːŋ
90	qusamančautʼuːŋ
100	jus	Іусь
200	kin-jus
300	tʼoŋ-jus
1000	qo-jus