Alice Brown Davis

Alice Brown Davis
Alice Brown Davis
First female Principal Chief of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, 1922–1935 leader
Preceded byHulbutta Micco
Succeeded byChief Chili Fish
Personal details
Born(1852-09-10)September 10, 1852
Park Hill, Indian Territory
DiedJune 21, 1935(1935-06-21) (aged 82)
Wewoka, Oklahoma
Spouse
George Rollin Davis
(m. 1874)
RelationsOlder brothers, John F. and Andrew Jackson Brown
ChildrenEleven children
Parent(s)Dr. John Frippo Brown, Lucy Redbeard
EducationRamsay Mission School

Alice Brown Davis (September 10, 1852 – June 21, 1935) was the first female Principal Chief of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, and served from 1922 to 1935, appointed by President Warren G. Harding.[1] She was of Seminole (Tiger Clan) and Scots descent. Her older brother John Frippo Brown had served as chief of the tribe and their brother Andrew Jackson Brown as treasurer.

Early life and education

Alice Brown was born on September 10, 1852, in the Cherokee town of Park Hill, Indian Territory and grew up near Fort Gibson. Her father, Dr. John Frippo Brown, was from Scotland and a graduate of the University of Edinburgh. He accompanied the Seminole as a military surgeon during their forced removal from Florida. During this journey, he married Lucy Redbeard,[2] a Seminole from Katcvlke or the Tiger Clan.[3] As the Seminole have a matrilineal system, the children of a marriage belonged to the mother's clan. Her parents had a total of seven children.[4] She is listed as 1/2nd Seminole by Blood on the Dawes Rolls.[5]

Her older brothers John F. and Andrew Jackson Brown each started to serve the tribe by the time of the American Civil War. Four members of her mother's family developed as significant Seminole leaders from 1832 to 1935.[1] Like her brothers, Alice Brown was well educated. One of her influential teachers was Caroline Bushyhead, a Cherokee. She learned both English and Mikasuki as first languages, and also attended the Ramsay Mission School, started by the Episcopal Church and then operated by Baptist missionaries.[6]

During 1867, when Alice was 15 years old, a cholera epidemic broke out among the Seminole tribe, and she assisted her father in caring for the sick. After the epidemic, both her parents died, and she went to live with her oldest brother John at his ranch at Wewoka, the capital of the Seminole Nation.[1][7] After completing her studies, Brown taught, most likely at Mesukey Academy for Boys in Sasakwa. Both there and likely at the girls' school Emakwha Academy, Brown Davis likely taught children of freedmen along with the Seminole, for the missionaries integrated the schools in 1874.[6]

Marriage and family

In 1874 at the age of 22, Brown married George Rollin Davis, a European-American merchant from Kansas. They moved to Arbeka, Indian Territory on Seminole Nation lands. They operated a trading post, post office, general store and the Bar X Bar ranch together until George's death. They were entrusted with the duties of disbursing the local Indians' headright money and the Civil War pensions for veterans and widows. Together the couple had eleven children.[1]

George Davis died when Brown Davis' youngest child was still a toddler.

Career

After 1885, she often worked with her brother, Chief John F. Brown, as an interpreter, liaison and assistant for the Seminole Tribe.[4] She gained a broad knowledge of tribal issues.

In her 40s after her husband's death, Brown Davis became the postmistress of Arbeka, while running the ranch and trading post. She became the superintendent of the Seminole Nation's girls' school, Emahaka. Built in 1892, Emahaka was a highly modern institution teaching grades one through ten.[4][8]

In order to enable Oklahoma to become a state, the federal government had required the end of tribal governments in Indian Territory. The tribes were supposed to turn over all functions to officials of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Protective of her school and believing that Indians should be in charge of teaching their children, Brown Davis initially refused to yield authority over the school. Her brother John F. Brown was still Chief of the Seminole and finally persuaded her she had to yield under the law.[1]

Brown Davis belonged to the congregation of the Spring Baptist Church at Sasakwa, Oklahoma, where her brother John became the pastor. She performed missionary work in Florida and was active in Muscogee Creek, Seminole, and Wichita Baptist Associations.[3]

Tribal governance

The Curtis Act dismantled tribal governmental and civic institutions. The Dawes Act broke up tribal landholdings, distributing allotments to individual households of registered tribal members. Land in excess of that was declared "surplus" by the federal government and sold to non-Indians. The 1906 Five Civilized Tribes Act finalized US federal government's dismemberment of tribal governments to make way for Oklahoma statehood in 1907.

During this tumultuous time, Brown Davis acted as an interpreter in court cases, as she was bilingual in English and Mikasuki.[3] In 1903, she traveled to Mexico with a Seminole delegation to pursue possible land grant claims there. She returned in 1905 and 1910, but the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution destroyed Seminole hopes of settlement in Mexico.[1]

In 1922, at the age of 70, Davis was appointed Principal Chief of the Seminole Nation by President Warren G. Harding. She was the first female chief of the Seminole tribe, and initially her appointment was controversial, despite her maternal clan's prominence. Eventually she won the support of her people and served until her death.[1]

A key issue of her term was tribal land affairs. Based on a new survey of Seminole land in 1910, the US federal government reassigned some lands to the Muscogee Creek Nation, including the grounds of the Emakaha School and several Seminole churches. Brown Davis refused to sign the deeds over to the Creek and said, "If this be the cause of my resignation I will feel that I have done that which is right and just to myself and my people." Because of the long period of indecision about the land, the Emakaha School had to be emptied. It burned down and was not rebuilt.[1]

Death and legacy

Alice Brown Davis served as chief until her death on June 21, 1935, in Wewoka, Oklahoma. In 1961, she was inducted into the recently founded National Hall of Fame for Famous Native Americans in Anadarko, Oklahoma, and also the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. The University of Oklahoma named Davis Hall in her honor. At the 1964 World's Fair on Oklahoma Day, a bronze bust of her, sculpted by Willard Stone, was unveiled in Queens, New York.[1][3]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Waldowski, Paula. "Alice Brown Davis: A Leader Of Her People." Seminole Nation, Indian Territory History and Genealogy. 4 Aug 2009 (retrieved 25 Nov 2009)
  2. ^ Lucy's last name has been referred to as Graybeard "Seminole History". Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2013-09-06., Greybeard [1], Redbeard, Redbird and ConoHaGe "Davis, Alice Brown (1852-1935)". Archived from the original on 2013-06-14. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  3. ^ a b c d "Memorial Tribute Page for Alice Brown Davis." Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine A Breath Away. (retrieved 25 Nov 2009)
  4. ^ a b c Rechenda Davis Bates, "Alice Brown Davis" Archived 2013-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. (accessed November 22, 2011)
  5. ^ "Search the Dawes Rolls, 1898–1914". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  6. ^ a b Kevin Mulroy, The Seminole Freedmen: A History, University of Oklahoma Press, 2007, p. 288
  7. ^ May, Jon D. "Brown, John Frippo" Archived 2011-07-03 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Accessed 25 Sept 2009.
  8. ^ "Emahaka Mission". Seminole Nation, I.T. 2013-01-18. Retrieved September 4, 2013.

Further reading

  • "Alice Brown Davis, First Seminole Chieftainess," Twin Territories Magazine [n.d.], Vertical File, Research Division, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
  • Margaret Chaney, A Tribal History of the Seminole Indians (M.A. thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1928).
  • "William Graham Davis," interview by Mary B. Roberts, 4 November 1977, Research Division, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
  • Aleece Locke (Mrs. Tom Garrard), "Tribute to Alice Brown Davis," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 43 (Spring 1965).
  • Maye Davis Locke, "Historical Notes of the Life of Alice Brown Davis," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 43 (Spring 1965).


Read other articles:

Stadion Friuli Informasi stadionPemilikUdinese calcio operator =LokasiLokasiP.le Repubblica Argentina, 3 loc. Rizzi 33100Udine (UD)  ItaliaKoordinat46°4′53.77″N 13°12′0.49″E / 46.0816028°N 13.2001361°E / 46.0816028; 13.2001361Koordinat: 46°4′53.77″N 13°12′0.49″E / 46.0816028°N 13.2001361°E / 46.0816028; 13.2001361KonstruksiMulai pembangunan1971Dibuka1976Direnovasi1990Data teknisPermukaanRumputKapasitas41.652Ukuran la...

 

National Basketball Association team in Indianapolis, Indiana Indiana Pacers 2023–24 Indiana Pacers seasonConferenceEasternDivisionCentralFounded1967HistoryIndiana Pacers1967–1976 (ABA)1976–present (NBA)[1][2][3]ArenaGainbridge FieldhouseLocationIndianapolis, IndianaTeam colorsNavy blue, gold, cool gray[4][5][6]     Main sponsorSpokenote[7]PresidentKevin PritchardGeneral managerChad BuchananHead coachRick CarlisleOwn...

 

2010–11 concert tour by Paul McCartney Up and Coming TourTour by Paul McCartneyOnline tour advertisementStart date28 March 2010End date10 June 2011Legs7No. of shows39Paul McCartney concert chronology Good Evening Europe Tour(2009) Up and Coming Tour(2010–11) On the Run(2011–12) The Up and Coming Tour was a concert tour by Paul McCartney. The tour began on 28 March 2010, at the Jobing.com Arena in Glendale, Arizona, northwest of Downtown Phoenix. As with McCartney's other concert tours a...

Location of Hale County in Texas This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hale County, Texas. This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Hale County, Texas. There are one National Historic Landmark and one district listed on the National Register in the county. The district includes one Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.           This National Park Servi...

 

Danish footballer (born 1997) Rasmus Kristensen Kristensen in 2019Personal informationFull name Rasmus Nissen Kristensen[1]Date of birth (1997-07-11) 11 July 1997 (age 26)Place of birth Brande, DenmarkHeight 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)[2]Position(s) Right-backTeam informationCurrent team Roma(on loan from Leeds United)Number 43Youth career2003–2010 Brande IF2010–2012 Herning Fremad2012–2016 MidtjyllandSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2016–2018 Midtjylland ...

 

Nino VingelliLahir(1912-06-04)4 Juni 1912Napoli, ItaliaMeninggal26 Maret 2003(2003-03-26) (umur 90)Roma, ItaliaPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1941–2000 Nino Vingelli (4 Juni 1912 – 26 Maret 2003) adalah seorang pemeran film Italia. Ia tampil dalam lebih dari 200 film antara 1941 dan 2000.[1] Referensi ^ Nino Vingelli. MyMovies. Diakses tanggal 28 March 2021.  Pranala luar Nino Vingelli di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris) Pengawasan otoritas Umum Integrated Aut...

Human-created solid waste in the sea or ocean Ocean dumping redirects here. For shipping of waste across international borders, see Environmental dumping. Marine debris washed up on a beach at Sharm el-Naga, Egypt Part of a series onPollutionAir pollution from a factory Air Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Combustion Exhaust gas Haze Global dimming Global distillation Indoor air quality Ozone depletion Particulates Persistent organic pollutant Smog Soot Vol...

 

Página del Libro Evangeliario de Enrique el León (1188) Caricatura que en el cómic de George Cruikshank de 1813, integra los diálogos en globos El globo o bocadillo es una convención específica de historietas y caricaturas, destinada a integrar gráficamente el texto de los diálogos o el pensamiento de los personajes en la estructura icónica de la viñeta. Se trata de un indicador fonético con múltiples formas posibles, aunque predomina la de óvalo, y que apunta a un personaje dete...

 

Australian political party National Party of Western AustraliaNational Party of Australia (WA) AbbreviationNWA, NPWALeaderShane LoveDeputy LeaderPeter RundlePresidentTony CrookFounded12 March 1913; 111 years ago (12 March 1913)Headquarters1 Graylands Road, Claremont, Western Australia 6010Youth wingYoung NationalsIdeology Agrarianism[1][2] Agrarian populism[3] Conservatism (Australian) Political positionCentre-right to right-wingNational affiliationNa...

Johann Strauss II LahirJohann Baptist Strauss25 Oktober 1825Wina, AustriaMeninggal3 Juni 1899 (Umur 74 tahun)Wina, Austria-HungariaMakamPemakaman pusat WinaPekerjaanKomposerSuami/istriHenrietta Treffz (1862–1878), Angelika DittrichOrang tuaJohann Strauss I (bapak)Tanda tangan Johann Strauss II (Bahasa Jerman: Johann Strauß (Sohn); atau Johann Strauss Jr., Johann Sebastian Strauss) (25 Oktober 1825 – 3 Juni 1899) adalah komponis Austria yang dikenal terutama untuk karya musik waltz-nya, ...

 

Theatre in Copenhagen Royal PlayhouseThe Royal Playhouse seen from the harbourRoyal PlayhouseLocation within CopenhagenAddressFrederiksstadenCopenhagenDenmarkCoordinates55°40′48″N 12°35′41″E / 55.6801°N 12.5946°E / 55.6801; 12.5946TypeNational theatreCapacity650 seats, 250 seats and 100 seatsProductionRepertoryConstructionOpened2008ArchitectLundgaard & TranbergWebsitehttp://www.skuespilhus.dk/ The Royal Danish Playhouse (Danish: Skuespilhuset) is a thea...

 

No debe confundirse con Telefe. Telefuturo Eslogan Revolucionando JuntosTipo de canal Televisión digital terrestreProgramación GeneralistaPropietario Grupo VierciOperado por TV Acción MultimediosPaís Paraguay ParaguayIdioma EspañolFundación 12 de noviembre de 1997Fundador Led MonteiroInicio de transmisiones 12 de noviembre de 1997Indicativo de señal ZPV 891 TVPersonas clave Lucas BalmelliFormato de imagen 1080i HDTV (reescalado a 16:9 576i para la señal en resolución estándar)Área ...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Traité. Jimmy Carter et Léonid Brejnev signent le traité Salt II à Vienne le 18 juin 1979. Un traité est un contrat conclu entre plusieurs sujets de droit international public. L'accord écrit traduit l'expression des volontés concordantes de ces sujets de droit en vue de produire des effets juridiques contraignants, qui sont régis par le droit international. Définition Un traité est un contrat qui est conclu entre plusieurs sujets de droit internat...

 

Benteng AnthonioBenteng Anthonio.Informasi umumLokasiTamsui, Taipei, Taiwan Fuerte Santo Domingo atau Benteng San Domingo (Hanzi: 紅毛城, 聖多明哥城; Pinyin: Hóngmáochéng; POJ: Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ) awalnya merupakan benteng kayu yang didirikan oleh Spanyol tahun 1629 di Danshui, pantai timur laut Taiwan. Pada malam tahun 1636, sekelompok penduduk asli yang marah dengan pajak yang ditetapkan oleh gubernur Spanyol berhasil menguasai benteng dan menghancurkannya. Pada tahun 163...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir E=mc2 (homonymie). Sculpture de « E=mc2 » exposée lors de la « Walk of Ideas » (« marche des idées ») à Berlin en 2006. L'équation E = mc2 (lire « E égale m c carré » ou « E égale m c deux ») est une formule d'équivalence entre la masse et l'énergie, rendue célèbre par Albert Einstein dans une publication en 1905 sur la relativité restreinte. Cette relation signifie qu'une particule de m...

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。 出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: 日照権 – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL (2019年11月) 日照を阻害するマンション建設に対する反対運動 �...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع قصر (توضيح). قصرمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من مبنىمنزلهيكل معماري الاستعمال إقامة يستخدمه عاهل[1] لديه جزء أو أجزاء castle park (en) تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات قصر في قلعة شفرين ، ألمانيا قصر البديع - مراكش قصر هو مقر إقامة كبير، وخاصة ما يتعلق بالم...

 

Christian phrase and liturgical chant For other uses, see Hallelujah (disambiguation). Alleluia for Christmas Eve, with Jubilus (verse has been omitted) Alleluia (/ˌɑːləˈlʊjə, -jɑː/ AL-ə-LOO-yə, -⁠yah; from Hebrew הללויה‎ (hal'luyáh) 'praise Yah') is a phrase in Christianity used to give praise to God.[1][2][3] In Christian worship, Alleluia is used as a liturgical chant in which that word is combined with verses of scripture...

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (أغسطس 2023) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. ...

 

Galician nobleman Esteban Fernández de CastroLordBorn13th-centuryDied13th-centurySpainNoble familyHouse of Castro Esteban Fernández de Castro (13th-century) was a Galician nobleman, Lord of Lemos and Sarria.[1] Biography Esteban was the son of Fernán Gutiérrez de Castro and Mélia Iñiguez de Mendoza.[2] His wife was Aldonza daughter of Rodrigo Afonso de León and granddaughter of Alfonso IX.[3] References ^ Blasón de España: libro de oro de su nobleza genealógi...