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Abū Bakr al-Karajī
Abū Bakr al-Karajī
	Diagrams from Al-Karaji's work on "hidden waters"
Born	953; Karaj, Persia
Died	1029 (aged 75–76)
Nationality	Persian
Main interests	Mathematics, Engineering

Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al Ḥasan al-Karajī (Persian: ابو بکر محمد بن الحسن الکرجی; c. 953 – c. 1029) was a 10th-century Persian^[2]^[3]^[4] mathematician and engineer who flourished at Baghdad. He was born in Karaj,^[1] a city near Tehran. His three principal surviving works are mathematical: Al-Badi' fi'l-hisab (Wonderful on calculation), Al-Fakhri fi'l-jabr wa'l-muqabala (Glorious on algebra), and Al-Kafi fi'l-hisab (Sufficient on calculation).

Work

Al-Karaji wrote on mathematics and engineering. Some consider him to be merely reworking the ideas of others (he was influenced by Diophantus) but most regard him as more original,^[5] in particular for the beginnings of freeing algebra from geometry. Among historians, his most widely studied work is his algebra book al-fakhri fi al-jabr wa al-muqabala, which survives from the medieval era in at least four copies.^[6]

He expounded the basic principles of hydrology^[7] and this book reveals his profound knowledge of this science and has been described as the oldest extant text in this field.^[8]^[9]^[10]

He systematically studied the algebra of exponents, and was the first to define the rules for monomials like x,x²,x³ and their reciprocals in the cases of multiplication and division. However, since for example the product of a square and a cube would be expressed, in words rather than in numbers, as a square-cube, the numerical property of adding exponents was not clear.^[11]

His work on algebra and polynomials gave the rules for arithmetic operations for adding, subtracting and multiplying polynomials; though he was restricted to dividing polynomials by monomials.

F. Woepcke was the first historian to realise the importance of al-Karaji's work and later historians mostly agree with his interpretation. He praised Al-Karaji for being the first who introduced the theory of algebraic calculus.^[6]^[12]

Al-Karaji gave an early formulation of the binomial coefficients and the first description of Pascal's triangle.^[13]^[14]^[15] He is also presumed to have discovered the binomial theorem.^[16]

In a now lost work known only from subsequent quotation by al-Samaw'al, Al-Karaji introduced the idea of argument by mathematical induction.^[17] As Katz says

Another important idea introduced by al-Karaji and continued by al-Samaw'al and others was that of an inductive argument for dealing with certain arithmetic sequences. Thus al-Karaji used such an argument to prove the result on the sums of integral cubes already known to Aryabhata [...] Al-Karaji did not, however, state a general result for arbitrary n. He stated his theorem for the particular integer 10 [...] His proof, nevertheless, was clearly designed to be extendable to any other integer. [...] Al-Karaji's argument includes in essence the two basic components of a modern argument by induction, namely the truth of the statement for n = 1 (1 = 1³) and the deriving of the truth for n = k from that of n = k - 1. Of course, this second component is not explicit since, in some sense, al-Karaji's argument is in reverse; this is, he starts from n = 10 and goes down to 1 rather than proceeding upward. Nevertheless, his argument in al-Fakhri is the earliest extant proof of the sum formula for integral cubes.^[18]

Notes

^ ^a ^b PAZWASH, HORMOZ; MAVRIGIAN, GUS (1986). "The Contributions of Karaji—Successor to al-Khwarizmi". The Mathematics Teacher. 79 (7): 538–541. doi:10.5951/MT.79.7.0538. ISSN 0025-5769. JSTOR 27965055.
^ "Muhammad Al-Karaji: A Mathematician Engineer from the Early 11th Century | Muslim Heritage". www.muslimheritage.com. Retrieved 2018-08-10. Of Persian origin, he spent an important part of his scientific life in Baghdad where he composed ground breaking mathematical books.
^ Selin, Helaine (2008). Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures. Berlin New York: Springer. p. 131. ISBN 9781402049606. Al-Karajī Abū Bakr Muh.ammad was a Persian mathematician and engineer.
^ Meri, Josef W. (January 2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization, Volume 1 An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7. During the tenth century CE, the Iranian mathematician al-Karaji (...)
^ "al-Karaji - Biography". Maths History.
^ ^a ^b O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
^ Robinson, M.; Ward, R. C. (2017-02-15). Hydrology: Principles and Processes. IWA Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 9781780407289.
^ Muslim Heritage, Mohammed Abattouy " Al-Karaji is also the author of Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya (The Extraction of Hidden Waters), a technical treatise that reveals such a profound knowledge of hydrology that it should be celebrated as the oldest text of its kind in this field."
^ Sorkhabi, Rasoul (2017-12-21). Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian's Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions. Geological Society of America. p. 37. ISBN 9780813725253.
^ Niazi, Kaveh (2016-01-01). "Karajī's Discourse on Hydrology". Oriens. 44 (1–2): 44–68. doi:10.1163/18778372-04401003. ISSN 0078-6527. The hydrological concepts presented in Inbāṭ al-miyāh al-khafīya, Muḥammad Karajī's 11th century text on the construction of the qanāt, contain unexpected premises and theories that set this text apart from its contemporaries. Even when not straying far from the Aristotelian cosmology of the medieval world, Karajī's hydrological discussions often represent a fresh take on the common scientific wisdom regarding the flow of water at and near the earth's surface.
^ Katz, History of Mathematics, first edition, p237
^ "You Have Got to Know...Mathematics" "Page 26"
^ Sidoli, Nathan; Brummelen, Glen Van (2013-10-30). From Alexandria, Through Baghdad: Surveys and Studies in the Ancient Greek and Medieval Islamic Mathematical Sciences in Honor of J.L. Berggren. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 54. ISBN 9783642367366.
^ Selin, Helaine (2008-03-12). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 132. ISBN 9781402045592.
^ The Development of Arabic Mathematics Between Arithmetic and Algebra - R. Rashed "Page 63"
^ "THE BINOMIAL THEOREM : A WIDESPREAD CONCEPT IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS" (PDF). core.ac.uk. p. 401. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
^ Abattouy, Mohammed (2009). "Muhammad Al-Karaji: A Mathematician Engineer from the Early 11th Century". Muslim heritage. He was also the first to use the method of proof by mathematical induction to prove his results, which he also used to prove the sum formula for integral cubes, an important result in integral calculus.
^ Katz (1998), p. 255

References and external links

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Rashed, Roshdi (1970–1980). "Al-Karajī (or Al-Karkhī), Abū Bakr Ibn Muḥammad Ibn al Ḥusayn". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
J. Christianidis. Classics in the History of Greek Mathematics, p. 260
Carl R. Seaquist, Padmanabhan Seshaiyer, and Dianne Crowley. "Calculation across Cultures and History" (Texas College Mathematics Journal 1:1, 2005; pp 15–31) [PDF]
Matthew Hubbard and Tom Roby. "The History of the Binomial Coefficients in the Middle East"(from "Pascal's Triangle from Top to Bottom")
Fuat Sezgin. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums (1974, Leiden: E. J. Brill)
James J. Tattersall. Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, p. 32
Mariusz Wodzicki. "Early History of Algebra: a Sketch" (Math 160, Fall 2005) [PDF]
"al-Karaji" — Encyclopædia Britannica Online (4 April 2006)
Extrait du Fakhri, traité d'Algèbre par Abou Bekr Mohammed Ben Alhaçan Alkarkhi, presented with commentary by F. Woepcke, year 1853.

[jstor.org-1] PAZWASH, HORMOZ; MAVRIGIAN, GUS (1986). "The Contributions of Karaji—Successor to al-Khwarizmi". The Mathematics Teacher. 79 (7): 538–541. doi:10.5951/MT.79.7.0538. ISSN 0025-5769. JSTOR 27965055.

[2] "Muhammad Al-Karaji: A Mathematician Engineer from the Early 11th Century | Muslim Heritage". www.muslimheritage.com. Retrieved 2018-08-10. Of Persian origin, he spent an important part of his scientific life in Baghdad where he composed ground breaking mathematical books.

[3] Selin, Helaine (2008). Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures. Berlin New York: Springer. p. 131. ISBN 9781402049606. Al-Karajī Abū Bakr Muh.ammad was a Persian mathematician and engineer.

[4] Meri, Josef W. (January 2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization, Volume 1 An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7. During the tenth century CE, the Iranian mathematician al-Karaji (...)

[5] "al-Karaji - Biography". Maths History.

[Karaji-6] O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews

[7] Robinson, M.; Ward, R. C. (2017-02-15). Hydrology: Principles and Processes. IWA Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 9781780407289.

[8] Muslim Heritage, Mohammed Abattouy " Al-Karaji is also the author of Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya (The Extraction of Hidden Waters), a technical treatise that reveals such a profound knowledge of hydrology that it should be celebrated as the oldest text of its kind in this field."

[9] Sorkhabi, Rasoul (2017-12-21). Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian's Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions. Geological Society of America. p. 37. ISBN 9780813725253.

[10] Niazi, Kaveh (2016-01-01). "Karajī's Discourse on Hydrology". Oriens. 44 (1–2): 44–68. doi:10.1163/18778372-04401003. ISSN 0078-6527. The hydrological concepts presented in Inbāṭ al-miyāh al-khafīya, Muḥammad Karajī's 11th century text on the construction of the qanāt, contain unexpected premises and theories that set this text apart from its contemporaries. Even when not straying far from the Aristotelian cosmology of the medieval world, Karajī's hydrological discussions often represent a fresh take on the common scientific wisdom regarding the flow of water at and near the earth's surface.

[11] Katz, History of Mathematics, first edition, p237

[12] "You Have Got to Know...Mathematics" "Page 26"

[13] Sidoli, Nathan; Brummelen, Glen Van (2013-10-30). From Alexandria, Through Baghdad: Surveys and Studies in the Ancient Greek and Medieval Islamic Mathematical Sciences in Honor of J.L. Berggren. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 54. ISBN 9783642367366.

[14] Selin, Helaine (2008-03-12). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 132. ISBN 9781402045592.

[15] The Development of Arabic Mathematics Between Arithmetic and Algebra - R. Rashed "Page 63"

[16] "THE BINOMIAL THEOREM : A WIDESPREAD CONCEPT IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS" (PDF). core.ac.uk. p. 401. Retrieved 2019-01-08.

[17] Abattouy, Mohammed (2009). "Muhammad Al-Karaji: A Mathematician Engineer from the Early 11th Century". Muslim heritage. He was also the first to use the method of proof by mathematical induction to prove his results, which he also used to prove the sum formula for integral cubes, an important result in integral calculus.

[18] Katz (1998), p. 255

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Al-Karaji

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