Janab Adina Beg Khan
Adina Beg tells his beads, c. 1750
Nawab of Punjab
In office 10 April 1758 – 15 September 1758
Monarchs	Alamgir II[a] Rajaram II[b]
Deputy	Khwaja Said Khan
Oath	12 April 1758, Lahore Fort
Preceded by	Office established[c]
Succeeded by	Office abolished[d]
Subahdar of Lahore
In office 9 May 1756 – 4 October 1756
Monarch	Alamgir II
Deputy	Sayyid Jamal-ud-Din Khan
Preceded by	Mughlani Begum
Succeeded by	Khwaja Abdullah Khan
In office April 1755 – December 1755
Monarch	Alamgir II
Deputy	Sadiq Beg Khan
Preceded by	Mughlani Begum
Succeeded by	Mughlani Begum
Subahdar of Multan
In office 9 May 1756 – 4 October 1756 Disputed with Ali Mohammad Khakwani
Monarch	Alamgir II
Preceded by	Ali Mohammad Khakwani
Succeeded by	Ali Mohammad Khakwani
Other political offices Nazim of Bist Doab In office May 1757 – November 1757 Monarch Alamgir II Governor Mughlani Begum Jahan Khan Deputy Sadiq Beg Khan Preceded by Mughlani Begum Succeeded by Sarfaraz Khan In office 12 April 1755 – November 1756 Monarch Alamgir II Deputy Sadiq Beg Khan Preceded by Shah Nawaz Khan Succeeded by Mughlani Begum In office 1739–1740 Monarch Muhammad Shah Governor Zakariya Khan Deputy Nidhan Singh Succeeded by Shah Nawaz Khan Faujdar of Sirhind In office 11 April 1755 – November 1757 Monarch Alamgir II Governor Mughlani Begum Deputy Sadiq Beg Khan Succeeded by Abdul Samad Khan Naib Nazim of Bist Doab In office 1740 – 11 January 1748 Monarch Muhammad Shah Governor Shah Nawaz Khan Preceded by Nidhan Singh Shiqdar of Sultanpur In office 1739–1740 Monarch Muhammad Shah Governor Shah Nawaz Khan Succeeded by Office merged with the Nazim of Bist Doab
Personal details
Born	Dīnā Araīŋ 1710 Sharaqpur, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Sheikhupura district, Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	15 September 1758 (aged 48) Khanpur, Maratha Confederacy (present-day Hoshiarpur district, Punjab, India)
Cause of death	Biliary colic
Resting place	Muslim Cemetery, Khanpur 31°32′44″N 75°54′48″E / 31.545594°N 75.913260°E / 31.545594; 75.913260
Children	2
Parent	Channu Arain (father)
Residences	Lahore Fort (official) Multan Fort (official) Aam Khas Bagh (official) Haveli Adina Beg, Chabuk Sawaran, Walled City of Lahore
Alma mater	Darul uloom
Profession	Soldier accountant statesman politician
Awards	Farzi
Religion	Sunni Islam[e]
Tribe	Arain
Signature
Nickname	Nawab Sahib
Military service
Allegiance	Mughal Empire
Branch/service	Mughal Army Infantry
Years of service	1730–1758
Rank	Sepoy, Mansabdar, Faujdar, Ispahsalar
Unit	Imperial Division of Lahore Imperial Division of Multan
Commands	See list Sultanpur Jalandhar Sirhind Lahore Multan Batala
Battles/wars	See list Mughal–Afghan War Battle of Lahore (1748) Battle of Manupur (1748) Afghan–Sikh wars Battle of Mahilpur (1757) Afghan–Maratha War Siege of Sirhind (1758)

Adina Beg Khan^[f] (Punjabi: [ədinaː beːɡ xãː]; c. 1710 – 15 September 1758)^[1][2] was a Punjabi general, administrator, and statesman who served as the Nawab of Punjab from April 1758 until his death in September of the same year.^[3][4] He began his career as a patwari (accountant) and later as a sepoy after joining the Mughal army, eventually drawing the attention of the Punjabi nobles.^[5] After serving through various posts, he was appointed as the Subahdar of the entirety of Punjab by Raghunath Rao on behalf of Rajaram II and later recognised as the Nawab by Emperor Alamgir II during the power vacuum in 1758, earning him the title Zafar Jang Bahadur.^[6]

Though illiterate, Adina Beg served as the Shiqdar of Sultanpur Pargana, Faujdar of Sirhind Sarkar, Naib Nazim and then Nazim of Bist Doab Sarkar and, later, the Subahdar of the Subahs of Lahore and Multan, though his claim in Multan was disputed.^[7][8] He joined hands with the Sikh leader Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and the Marathas in defeating the Afghans.^[9][10] Despite his short reign, Adina Beg's rule has often been compared with that of his ideological aftercomer Ranjit Singh by modern historians.^[11] Due to his political maneuvering and a manipulative persona, he is regarded as the Machiavelli of Punjab.^[12]

Named Dina at birth, Adina was born into a Punjabi Muslim family of the Arain tribe, in the village of Sharaqpur (now in the Sheikhupura district of Punjab, Pakistan), twenty miles (32 km) from Lahore. He was brought up as a soldier in a Mughal family, later becoming collector of revenue.^[13]

Beg began his career as domestic servant^[14] in the homes of Mughal officials. Proximity to Mughal officers inspired him to join as a soldier in the Mughal army,^[3] however becoming disillusioned with his poor prospects he took up the more lucrative position of patwari in the village of Kang near Sultanpur.^[15] He soon came under the patronage of Lala Sri Nivas Dhir, a wealthy Hindu merchant from Sultanpur, and obtained the revenue contracts for all the villages in the territory of Kang.^[16] In 1739, aiming to replace the newly deceased district officer of Sultanpur, Adina travelled to Lahore and secured an interview with the Viceroy of the Punjab, Zakariya Khan Bahadur. Impressing in his interview, the viceroy demanded security for his good behaviour, and on being guaranteed by Lala Sri Nivas, Adina was appointed faujdar of Sultanpur.^[17][7] On his appointment he returned the favour by making his patron his assistant, and his patron's brother Bhwani Das, who knew Persian, his superintendent.^[7]

That same year, Nader Shah invaded the Mughal Empire. Sultanpur, located on the road from Lahore to Delhi was ravaged by Persian troops. Adina Beg's success in restoring order, providing relief and securing the relief of prisoners enhanced his reputation.^[7] Zakariya Khan, learning of his performance, appointed him Subahdar of the Doaba with instructions to restrain the lawlessness and halt the rising threat of the Sikh Misls.^[7] Soon after his appointment Adina Beg dispatched troops against the Sikhs and carried out a massive slaughter against them.^[18] Notably after restoring peace and order in the area, he ignored orders to take decisive steps to crush the Sikhs and instead pursued means of making peace with them.^{[19][page needed]} Recognising the decline of his Mughal employers he sought to make alliances with local groups, and granted jagirs to a number of Sikhs whilst also employing many in his armed forces, notably Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.^[19][20]

Nader Shah's invasion resulted in widespread looting, and led to Zakariya Khan being unable to pay his soldiers. After widespread protests by the soldiers, Zakariya Khan ordered his Diwan Lakhpat Rai to make the payments. The Diwan was imprisoned when he refused to do so and his brother Jaspat Rai was then ordered to demand arrears from all the nazims and faujdars in order to raise money.^[7] Adina Beg subsequently found himself imprisoned for being in arrears and was stripped of his position as governor of the Doaba.^[7]

After a year, Bhwani Das was released on the security of his brother Sri Navas and Adina escaped and fled to the hills. Bhwani Das was then re-arrested and ordered to disclose the accounts of Adina which he refused to do so. He was then placed in a large pot and half boiled.^[16] The now released Diwan, Lakhpat Rai, was so impressed by his loyalty that he halted the punishment and granted him one request.^[21] The latter demanded the reinstatement of Adina. Moved by the display of devotion, Zakariya awarded a robe of honour to Adina and made him Deputy Governor of the Doaba under his son Shahnawaz.^[22]

The death of Zakariya Khan on 1 July 1745 created a power struggle to succeed him as viceroy and six months later his son Yahiya Khan was named as his successor.^[23] Recognising the hostility between Yahiya Khan and his younger brother Shahnawaz, Adina sought to develop relations with Yahiya whilst also maintaining the trust of Shahnawaz.^[16] To support the Yahiya government in Lahore he assisted in Lakhpat Rai's campaign against the Sikhs between April and June 1746. In November 1746, Shahnawaz began an insurrection and forcibly occupied Lahore demanding a complete division of his father's property. This time Adina placed himself in the camp of Shahnawaz and the following March, on hearing news that Yahiya was seeking to launch an attack against Shahnawaz, Adina led an attack near the tomb of Hazrat Ishan.^[16] Shahnawaz was victorious and marched into Lahore unopposed on 21 March 1747 to usurp the Punjab government. He subsequently appointed Adina in charge of civil and military affairs for the Doaba. Shahnawaz now lobbied the Delhi government to become subahdar of Lahore in return for the release of Yahiya. However, on Yahiya's escape from captivity in July, Shahnawaz lost his bargaining power and on the advice of Adina he invited Ahmad Shah Durrani to invade the Mughal Empire.^[24]

Adina then notified the Delhi government of Shahnawaz's treachery, and on hearing of the news, the Delhi government hurriedly acquiesced to Shahnawaz's demands. They were however too late to halt Durrani's invasion. Durrani defeated his former ally Shahnawaz at Lahore before marching on Delhi. Adina was twice injured when assisting Moin-ul-Mulk (also known as Mir Mannu) in the decisive Mughal victory at the Battle of Manupur which forced Durrani's retreat to Kabul. In return, the newly appointed subahdar of Lahore Mir Mannu reinstated Adina as faujdar of the Doaba. Durrani followed up his initial invasion a year later acquiring more territory to the west of the Indus River. During his third invasion, he defeated Mir Mannu at the Battle of Lahore and established Afghan supremacy in the Punjab although he kept Mir Mannu in place as his governor at Lahore. Following the war, Adina tried to gain favour with Mir Mannu and offered his support to a campaign against the Sikhs in Jullundur as a means to dispel suspicions of his treachery during the Afghan invasions.^[25]

In 1752, whilst travelling in Gurdaspur, he found the town of Adinanagar.^[26]

On Mir Mannu's death on 3 November 1753, his two-year-old son was proclaimed viceroy, with his mother Surayya Begum becoming de facto ruler.^[27] Amid the political upheaval, Adina asserted independence from both the Durrani Empire and Mughal government at Delhi. In 1755, Adina drew the support of zamindars and an army of Sikhs to confront the threat of Qutb Khan who had seized Sirhind and on 11 April 1755, he met Qutb Khan in battle, emerging victorious and extending his control of the Doaba as far as Sirhind. He used his victory to demand the new territory from the Delhi government, and the Mughal Wazir noting their military incompetence and poverty agreed.^[28] Adina was conferred with the title Zafar Jung Bahadur and all the hill chiefs submitted to him and paid tribute. Now in control of Jullundur and Sirhind, Adina sought to acquire Lahore. Taking advantage of unrest in Lahore against the Begum's deputy Khwaja Abdullah, the son of Abd al-Samad Khan,^[29] he marched on the capital and installed Sadiq Beg Khan to manage state affairs. This victory was however short lived as the Begum, with the help of the Afghans, drove Sadiq Beg Khan from power and restored Khwaja Abdullah's position. In 1756, the Mughal Wazir used Adina to conduct an intrigue to dispose the Begum from government in Lahore and bring her to Delhi.^[30] On completion of the mission, Adina was made subahdar of Lahore and Multan by the Mughal government at Delhi in return for an annual tribute of thirty lakh of rupees. The position was however short lived, as the Afghans successfully marched on Lahore to dispose Adina's deputy Sayyid Jamal-ud-Din and restore Khwaja Abdullah.

In November 1756, following advances from the Begum the Afghans launched a campaign to ransack Delhi. Adina, accompanied by Sadiq Beg and Jamal-ud-Din abandoned his positions and fled to Hansi.^[31] The Afghans successfully sacked Delhi in 1757, and the Begum was granted the Doaba and Jammu and Kashmir as a fief. In turn the Begum invited Adina to rule the Doaba on her behalf. The new Viceroy at Lahore, Jahan Khan, then demanded the full obedience of Adina and threatened to lay waste to the Doaba if refused.^[31] Adina agreed, however soon disagreement over the payment of tribute to Jahan Khan heightened tensions. Jahan Khan invited Adina to court to discuss ways to subdue the Sikhs, but was rebuffed by Adina who sent agents in his place. A detachment of troops was then sent to arrest Adina, however he retired to the foothills and recruited a large body of Sikh soldiers to counter the detachment. The Sikhs led by Sodhi Bharbag Singh and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia routed the Afghans and looted their luggage. In return Adina granted the Sikhs leave to pillage the Doaba including the city of Jullundur. Amid the looting and Afghan defeat, and anarchy persisted in the Punjab between November 1757 to February 1758.^[9]

In early 1758, Adina sought out allies to expel the Afghans from the Punjab and restore stability. He struck a deal with Sikh leaders Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Sodhi Vadhbhag Singh, and with their help defeated the Afghans at Mahilpur.^[32] By March 1758 he had also enlisted the support of Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire, and together they expelled the Afghans from Lahore. The Maratha and Sikh forces then gave chase to the retreating Afghans on horseback and were in quick pursuit of them in which they went on to capture Attock and then Peshawar from the Afghans.^{[33][10][34][35]} The Punjab now came under Maratha rule, with Adina appointed subahdar of the Punjab in 1758 in return for a yearly tribute of seventy five lakh of rupees. Raghunathrao and Malhar Rao Holkar, the two commanders-in-chief of the Maratha forces, remained in Lahore for three months after which they retired to the Deccan leaving Adina in sole control.^[4] Now in control of the entirety of the Punjab, Adina entrusted Lahore to his son-in-law Khwaja Mirza, and set up his headquarters in Batala nearer to his traditional power base in the Doaba.^[32] To entrench his position he sought to eliminate his rivals, and declared his erstwhile allies the Sikhs, outlaws. He pursued two expeditions against the Sikhs, including an abortive siege of the mud fort Ram Rauni near Amritsar.^[32]

On 15 September 1758, only a few months after his appointment, Adina Beg passed away at Khanpur near Hoshiarpur after suffering from a colic attack.^[3] The Marathas appointed Sabaji Shinde to succeed him as the governor of the Punjab.^[36] A tomb was erected at his grave in Khanpur.^[3] His life is described in an unpublished Persian manuscript, the Ahwal-i-Dina Beg Khan.

• In the 2010 historical TV series Maharaja Ranjit Singh telecasted on DD National, the character of Adina Beg is portrayed by Rajendra Gupta.

• History of Punjab
• List of Punjabi Muslims

• Beale, Thomas William (1894). "Adina Beg Khan". An Oriental Biographical Dictionary. London: W. H. Allen & Co. p. 34. ISBN 9781404706484 – via Internet Archive. (Alternative link: via Google Books)
• Gupta, Hari Ram (December 1940). "Adina Beg Khan". Journal of the Panjab University Historical Society and the Panjab Historical Society. 6: 23–77.
• Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). "IV. Adina Beg Khan: The Mughal Viceroy of the Panjab". Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab (1707-1793). Lahore: Minerva; Sang-e-Meel. pp. 56–108.
• Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. New Dawn Press. ISBN 9781932705546.

• Gandhi, Surjit Singh, Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty. Delhi, 1980
• Khan, Sarang (9 October 2020). "Adina Beg: Soldier, Statesman, Diplomat, Hero". Punjabi Waseb.
• Bhagat Singh, Sikh Polity. Delhi, 1978