863 Program

For the manned space program, see Chinese space program#Project 863
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The 863 program (Chinese: 863计划) or State High-Tech Development Plan (Chinese: 国家高技术研究发展计划) is a program funded and administered by the government of the People's Republic of China intended to stimulate the development of advanced technologies in a wide range of fields for the purpose of rendering China independent of financial obligations for foreign technologies.[1] It was inspired by the Strategic Defense Initiative proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1983, and was absorbed alongside Program 973 into the "National Key R&D Program" in 2016.[2][3][4]

On March 3, 1986, the program was suggested by Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiachi, and Chen Fangyun in a letter to China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping, who approved the program within 2 days.[5][6] The program was initially led by Zhao Ziyang, who was the Premier of China at the time, and received a governmental fund of 10 billion RMB in 1986, which accounts for 5% of the total government spending that year.[3][6][7] According to the US National Counterintelligence and Security Center, the 863 program "provides funding and guidance for efforts to clandestinely acquire US technology and sensitive economic information."[8]

Among the products known to have resulted from the 863 program are the Loongson computer processor family (originally named Godson), the Tianhe supercomputers and the Shenzhou spacecraft.[9][10]

History

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Named after its date of establishment (March 1986, 86/3 by the Chinese date format), the 863 Program was proposed in a letter to the Chinese government by scientists Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiachi, and Chen Fangyun and endorsed by Deng Xiaoping.[11] After its implementation during the Seventh Five-Year Plan, the program continued to operate through the two five-year plans that followed, with state financing of around 11 billion RMB and an output of around 2000 patents (national and international).[12]

In 2001, under the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the program was reevaluated in consultation with foreign experts. The result was a widened focus to strengthen the competitiveness of China in the global economy.[13] The evaluation practice has been included into the program as a project management system.[13]

In a 2011 court case, Chinese-born scientist Huang Kexue was found guilty of stealing commercial secrets from US-based corporations and passing at least some of this information to the 863 program.[14]

Outline

The program initially focused on seven key technological fields:[15]

Since 1986, two more fields have been brought under the umbrella of the program:

See also

References

  1. ^ Wu, Hequan (6 August 2002). "The progress of communication technology subject of hi-tech research development plan of China". WCC 2000 - ICCT 2000. 2000 International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings (Cat. No.00EX420). Vol. 1. Beijing. pp. 3–4. doi:10.1109/ICCT.2000.889157. ISBN 0-7803-6394-9. S2CID 60832883.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Zhi, Qiang; Pearson, Margaret M. (July 2017). "China's Hybrid Adaptive Bureaucracy: The Case of the 863 Program for Science and Technology" (PDF). Governance. 30 (3): 407–424. doi:10.1111/gove.12245. S2CID 152280888. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b Gewirtz, Julian (February 2019). "The Futurists of Beijing: Alvin Toffler, Zhao Ziyang, and China's "New Technological Revolution," 1979–1991". The Journal of Asian Studies. 78 (1): 115–140. doi:10.1017/S0021911818002619. ISSN 0021-9118.
  4. ^ "Press Conference on the "Launch and Implementation of the National Key R&D Program": Summary Transcript". Center for Security and Emerging Technology. 13 September 2021. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  5. ^ "Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China". www.most.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  6. ^ a b "1986年邓小平亲自决策启动"863"计划--邓小平纪念网--人民网". cpc.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  7. ^ Karplus, Valerie J.; Deng, Xing Wang (17 December 2007). Agricultural Biotechnology in China: Origins and Prospects. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-71138-6. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  8. ^ "Foreign Spies Stealing US Economic Secrets in Cyberspace: Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage, 2009-2011" (PDF). Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive. October 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  9. ^ "Designing Quad-Core Loongson-3 Processor". english.ict.cas.cn. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  10. ^ "Scientific Innovation and China's Military Modernization". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  11. ^ Feigenbaum, Evan A. (2003). China's Techno-warriors: National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear to the Information Age. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8047-4601-4. OCLC 49415750. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  12. ^ Science & Technology Newsletter No.380: 863 Program Creates RMB 56 Billion, Ministry of Science & Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST), archived from the original on 20 November 2014
  13. ^ a b "National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program)". Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2015.: 1. Orientation and Objectives, 2. Major Tasks.
  14. ^ "Chinese scientist Huang Kexue jailed for trade theft". BBC News. 22 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  15. ^ Ke, Yan (2005). Chinas Wissenschaft und Technik (in German). 五洲传播出版社. p. 109. ISBN 978-7-5085-0671-5. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2016.