1892 Laguna Salada earthquake

1892 Laguna Salada earthquake
1892 Laguna Salada earthquake is located in USA West
San Diego
San Diego
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
San Quintín
San Quintín
1892 Laguna Salada earthquake
UTC time1892-02-24 07:20[1]
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date23 February 1892 (1892-02-23)[1]
Local time23:20 Pacific standard time
Magnitude7.1–7.2 Mla
Epicenter32°44′N 115°30′W / 32.73°N 115.50°W / 32.73; -115.50[2]
FaultLaguna Salada Fault
TypeOblique-slip
Areas affectedBaja California
Southern California
Max. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)[1]
CasualtiesNone

The 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake occurred at 23:20 Pacific Standard Time on February 23. It had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.1–7.2 and a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Severe). The shock was centered near the Mexico–United States border and takes its name from a large dry lake bed in Baja California, Mexico. There were no reported casualties, but the event affected the then largely-uninhabited areas of northern Mexico and Southern California.

Tectonic setting

See also: Extensional tectonics

The Salton Trough is part of the complex plate boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate where it undergoes a transition from the continental transform of the San Andreas Fault system to the series of short spreading centers of the East Pacific Rise linked by oceanic transforms in the Gulf of California. The southern part of the trough is divided into two by the Sierra Cucapa and Sierra Mayor ranges forming the Mexicali Valley to the east and the Laguna Salada to the west. The western side of these ranges is formed by the Laguna Salada Fault, which forms a possible continuation of the Elsinore Fault Zone of southern California.[3]

The Laguna Salada Fault shows combined normal (down to the southwest) and dextral (right-lateral) movement. Prior to 2010 it showed evidence of recent (probably historical) displacement with a 22 km (14 mi) zone of surface faulting, and 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) of vertical displacement. This is interpreted to be associated with the 1892 earthquake.[3]

Earthquake

Selected Mercalli intensities
MMI Locations
MMI VIII (Severe) Carizzo Station, Hook Ranch
MMI VII (Very strong) Colorado Desert, El Cajon, CA
MMI VI (Strong) Jamul, CA, National City, CA
MMI V (Moderate) Julian, CA, Ensenada, Baja California
Hough & Elliot 2004, pp. 1573, 1574

The earthquake was felt over a wide area from Los Angeles and San Bernardino in the north to San Quintin in the south.[4] The area in which the perceived intensity of shaking reached VIII (Severe) or more was centered on the mapped fault rupture.[2] At least 22 km (14 mi) of the Laguna Salada and Cañon Rojo faults ruptured during the earthquake. The section of the Laguna Salada Fault involved had an oblique-slip mechanism while the Cañon Rojo Fault corresponded to normal-faulting. Based on the extent of rupture and coseismic slip, at 4 m (13 ft) for right-lateral and 3.5 m (11 ft) for normal, the obtained moment magnitude was 7.1. The rupture may have been longer than thought; possibly propagating further north in a region dominated by sand dunes while the southern rupture end may have extended 10 km (6.2 mi).[3] Susan Hough and Austin Elliot estimated a moment magnitude of 7.2 based on their reassessment of the reported Mercalli intensities.[2]

Damage

A report from the Los Angeles Times the following day stated no damage was found in Los Angeles, but also specified that severe shocks were felt in San Diego.[5] Masonry walls were cracked in several buildings there, as well as the outlying communities of Otay and Jamul. At the abandoned Carrizo Creek Stage Station, in what is now Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in eastern San Diego county,[6] poorly built masonry was damaged and all adobe buildings were destroyed.[2][4] At Hook Ranch and Laguna Station the shaking was strong enough to throw people off their feet and at Dulzura Canyon and McCain Valley the ground was seen to move in waves. There were rockfalls at Bratton Valley, Tierra Blanca Canyon, Storm Canyon and Whale Peak and landslides at Dulzura Canyon and Devil's Canyon.[2]

Aftershocks

At Campo, California 155 aftershocks were felt in the first 12 hours after the mainshock and continued every few days for the next two months.[1]

Other events

The Laguna Salada fault moved again during the 2010 Baja California earthquake.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Stover, C.W.; Coffman, J.L. (1993). Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527. United States Government Printing Office. p. 110.
  2. ^ a b c d e Hough, S.E.; Elliot, A. (2004), "Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94 (4): 1571–1578, Bibcode:2004BuSSA..94.1571H, doi:10.1785/012003244, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02, retrieved 2012-01-03
  3. ^ a b c Mueller, K.J.; Rockwell T.K. (1995). "Late quaternary activity of the Laguna Salada fault in northern Baja California, Mexico". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 107 (1): 8–18. Bibcode:1995GSAB..107....8M. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0008:LQAOTL>2.3.CO;2.
  4. ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. "Significant Earthquake Information". doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  5. ^ "The Earthquake; No Damage in the City; Heavy Shocks at San Diego; More Quakes This Morning", Los Angeles Times, February 25, 1892
  6. ^ Stephen R. Van Wormer; Sue Wade; Susan D. Walter; Susan Arter (June 30, 2007). "An Isolated Frontier Outpost – Historical and Archaeological Investigations of the Carrizo Creek Stage Station" (PDF). California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
  7. ^ "Magnitude 7.2 – BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO". United States Geological Survey. April 10, 2010. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2012.