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γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid
Clinical data
Trade names	Gamibetal, others
Other names	Buxamine; Buxamina; Bussamina; γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid; GABOB; β-Hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid; β-Hydroxy-GABA
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (±)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid;
CAS Number	924-49-2 ; 352-21-6;
PubChem CID	2149;
ChemSpider	2064;
UNII	1ZHM019FLD;
KEGG	D00174;
ChEBI	CHEBI:16080;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL93515;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1045877 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.011.916
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C4H9NO3
Molar mass	119.120 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES C(C(CN)O)C(=O)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H9NO3/c5-2-3(6)1-4(7)8/h3,6H,1-2,5H2,(H,7,8); Key:YQGDEPYYFWUPGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N;

γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), also known as β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), sold under the brand name Gamibetal among others, is an anticonvulsant which is used for the treatment of epilepsy in Europe, Japan, and Mexico.^[1]^[2] It is a GABA analogue, or an analogue of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and has been found to be an endogenous metabolite of GABA.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Medical uses

GABOB is an anticonvulsant and is used in the treatment of epilepsy.^[1]^[2]

Pharmacology

GABOB is a GABA receptor agonist.^[6] It has two stereoisomers, and shows stereoselectivity in its actions.^[6] Specifically, (R)-(–)-GABOB is a moderate-potency agonist of the GABA_B receptor, while (S)-(+)-GABOB is a partial agonist of the GABA_B receptor and an agonist of the GABA_A receptor.^[6] (S)-(+)-GABOB is around twice as potent an anticonvulsant as (R)-(–)-GABOB.^[7] GABOB is used medically as a racemic mixture.^[6]

Relative to GABA, GABOB has more potent inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, perhaps due to its greater capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier.^[5]^[8] However, GABOB is of relatively low potency as an anticonvulsant when used by itself, and is more useful as an adjuvant treatment used alongside another anticonvulsant.^[9]^[10]

Chemistry

GABOB, or β-hydroxy-GABA, is a close structural analogue of GABA (see GABA analogue), as well as of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), phenibut (β-phenyl-GABA), baclofen (β-(4-chlorophenyl)-GABA),^[11] and pregabalin (β-isobutyl-GABA).

Society and culture

Generic name

GABOB has been referred to by the generic name buxamine or buxamina.^[1]^[6]

Brand names

GABOB is sold primarily under the brand name Gamibetal.^[1] It has also been marketed under a variety of other brand names including Aminoxan, Bogil, Diastal, Gabimex, Gabomade, Gaboril, Gamalate, and Kolpo.^[1]^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Smith MB (23 October 2013). "Biologically Important Amino Acids". Methods of Non-α-Amino Acid Synthesis (Second ed.). CRC Press. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-1-4665-7789-3.
^ Cooper JR, Bloom FE, Roth RH (2003). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-0-19-514007-1.
^ Melis GB, Paoletti AM, Mais V, Mastrapasqua NM, Strigini F, Fruzzetti F, et al. (2014). "Dose-related effects of gamma-amino beta-hydroxy butyric acid (GABOB) infusion on growth hormone secretion in normal women". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 5 (2): 101–106. doi:10.1007/BF03350499. PMID 7096918. S2CID 71239193.
^ ^a ^b Hayashi T (March 1959). "The inhibitory action of beta-hydroxy-gamma-aminobutyric acid upon the seizure following stimulation of the motor cortex of the dog". The Journal of Physiology. 145 (3): 570–578. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006163. PMC 1356963. PMID 13642322.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Corelli F, Mugnaini C (17 January 2017). "Chemistry of GABA_B Receptor Ligands: Focus on Agonists and Antagonists". In Colombo G (ed.). GABAB Receptor. Springer. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-3-319-46044-4.
^ Roberts E, Krause DN, Wong E, Mori A (February 1981). "Different Efficacies of d- and l-γ-Amino-β-Hydroxybutyric Acids in GABA Receptor and Transport Test Systems". The Journal of Neuroscience. 1 (2): 132–140. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.01-02-00132.1981. PMC 6564147. PMID 6267220.
^ Demaio D, Pasquariello G (October 1963). "Gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) and brain serotonin". Psychopharmacologia. 5 (1): 84–86. doi:10.1007/BF00405577. PMID 14085623. S2CID 1436623.
^ Chemello R, Giaretta D, Pellegrini A, Testa G (1980). "[Effect of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABHB) on experimentally-induced epileptic activity]" [Effect of γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABHB) on experimentally-induced epileptic activity]. Rivista di Neurologia (in Italian). 50 (4): 253–268. PMID 7466221.
^ García-Flores E, Farías R (1997). "gamma-Amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid as add-on therapy in adult patients with severe focal epilepsy". Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 69 (1-4 Pt 2): 243–246. doi:10.1159/000099882. PMID 9711762.
^ Lapin I (2001). "Phenibut (beta-phenyl-GABA): a tranquilizer and nootropic drug". CNS Drug Reviews. 7 (4): 471–481. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00211.x. PMC 6494145. PMID 11830761.
^ Muller NF (19 June 1998). European Drug Index: European Drug Registrations (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-3-7692-2114-5.