Γεωργιανή γλώσσα

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Η σήμανση τοποθετήθηκε στις 31/07/2016.
Γεωργιανά
ქართული ენა, ქართული‎ και ქართული
Φυσικοί ομιλητές4 εκατομμύρια
ΤαξινόμησηΝοτιοκαυκασιανές
    Σύστημα γραφήςγεωργιανές γραφές, Georgian Braille, Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri και Mkhedruli
    Κατάσταση
    Επίσημη γλώσσαΓεωργία
    ISO 639-1ka
    ISO 639-2kat και geo
    ISO 639-3kat
    Linguist listgeor

    Τα Γεωργιανά ή Γεωργιανή Γλώσσα (γεωργιανά: ქართული ენა kartuli ena) είναι Καρτβελική γλώσσα και η επίσημη γλώσσα της Γεωργίας. Τα γεωργιανά έχουν το δικό τους σύστημα γραφής που βασίζεται στο γεωργιανό αλφάβητο.

    Τα γεωργιανά είναι η μητρική γλώσσα περίπου 3,9 εκατομμυρίων ανθρώπων στη Γεωργία και άλλων 500.000 ανθρώπων σε άλλες χώρες (κυρίως στην Τουρκία, στο Ιράν, στη Ρωσία, στις ΗΠΑ και στην Ευρώπη). Είναι η λογοτεχνική γλώσσα για όλες τις εθνογραφικές ομάδες γεωργιανών, ειδικά για όσους μιλούν άλλες γλώσσες του Νότιου Καυκάσου (ή γλώσσες Kartvelian): Σβανική, Μιγκρελιανή, και τη Λαζική. Οι Ιουδαιο-Γεωργιανοί, ή "Kivruli", μερικές φορές διατηρούν κάποιες ξεχωριστές Ιουδαϊκές γλώσσες, οι οποίες ομιλούνται από 20.000 ανθρώπους στη Γεωργία και 65.000 αλλού (κατά κύριο λόγο 60.000 στο Ισραήλ).

    Φωνολογία

    Σύμφωνα

    Τα σύμβολα στα αριστερά είναι αυτά του IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) και αυτά στα δεξιά είναι του γεωργιανού αλφαβήτου.

    Σύμφωνα
    Labial Dental/

    Alveolar

    		Post-alveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
    Nasal m   მ n   ნ
    Stop aspirated pʰ   ფ tʰ   თ kʰ   ქ
    voiced b   ბ d   დ ɡ   გ
    ejective pʼ   პ tʼ   ტ kʼ   კ qʼ   ყ
    Affricate (aspirated) t͡sʰ1   ც t͡ʃʰ1   ჩ
    voiced d͡z   ძ d͡ʒ   ჯ
    ejective t͡sʼ   წ t͡ʃ ʼ   ჭ
    Fricative voiceless s   ს ʃ   შ x 2   ხ h   ჰ
    voiced v   ვ z   ზ ʒ   ჟ ɣ 2   ღ
    Rhotic r   რ
    Lateral l   ლ

    Φωνήεντα

    Φωνήεντα
    Front Back
    Close i   ი u   უ
    Mid ɛ   ე ɔ   ო
    Open a~ɑ   ა

    Σύστημα γραφής

    Η γεωργιανή γλώσσα έχει γραφεί με ποικίλους χαρακτήρες καθ'όλη την ιστορία της. Σήμερα η γραφή Mkhedruli είναι η κυρίαρχη γραφή ; οι υπόλοιπες γραφές χρησιμοποιούνται σε θρησκευτικά έγγραφα και στην αρχιτεκτονική.

    Η γραφή Mkhedruli έχει 33 γράμματα ; έξι επιπλέον γράμματα είναι ξεπερασμένα στα γεωργιανά αν και χρησιμοποιούνται ακόμα σε άλλα αλφάβητα των ιβηρικών κρατών. Τα γράμματα της Mkhedruli αντιστοιχούν στα φωνήματα της γεωργιανής γλώσσας.

    Σύγχρονο Γεωργιανό αλφάβητο
    Γράμμα National

    transcription

    		IPA

    transcription

    ა a ɑ
    ბ b b
    გ g ɡ
    დ d d
    ე e ɛ
    ვ v v
    ზ z z
    თ t tʰ
    ი i i
    კ k' kʼ
    ლ l l
    მ m m
    ნ n n
    ო o ɔ
    პ p' pʼ
    ჟ zh ʒ
    რ r r
    ს s s
    ტ t' tʼ
    უ u u
    ფ p pʰ
    ქ k kʰ
    ღ gh ɣ
    ყ q' qʼ
    შ sh ʃ
    ჩ ch t͡ʃʰ
    ც ts t͡sʰ
    ძ dz d͡z
    წ ts' t͡sʼ
    ჭ ch' t͡ʃʼ
    ხ kh x
    ჯ j d͡ʒ
    ჰ h h

    Λογοτεχνία

    Η λογοτεχνική παράδοση της γεωργιανής γλώσσας είναι μακρά και ξεκινά από τα αρχαία χρόνια. Χιλιάδες έργα κάθε είδους (λογοτεχνικά, επιστημονικά, θρησκευτικά κ.α.) έχουν γραφτεί και μεταφραστεί σ’ αυτή. Μάλιστα έχουν σωθεί και μεταφράσεις αρχαίων ελληνικών έργων, τα πρωτότυπα των οποίων έχουν χαθεί.

    Βιβλιογραφία

    • Aronson, Howard I. (1990), Georgian: a reading grammar (second ed.), Columbus, OH: Slavica
    • Zaza Aleksidze. Epistoleta Tsigni, Tbilisi, 1968, 150 pp (στα γεωργιανά)
    • Farshid Delshad. Georgica et Irano-Semitica Studies on Iranian, Semitic and Georgian Linguistics, Wiesbaden 2010, 401 pp (in German, English, Russian and Georgian summary)
    • Korneli Danelia, Zurab Sarjveladze. Questions of Georgian Paleography, Tbilisi, 1997, 150 pp (in Georgian, English summary)
    • Hewitt, B. G. (1995), Georgian: a structural reference grammar, Amsterdam : John Benjamins
    • Hewitt, B. G. (1996), Georgian: a Learner's Grammar, London : Routledge
    • Pavle Ingorokva. Georgian inscriptions of antique.- Bulletin of ENIMK, vol. X, Tbilisi, 1941, pp. 411–427 (in Georgian)
    • Ivane Javakhishvili. Georgian Paleography, Tbilisi, 1949, 500 pp (in Georgian)
    • Jun, Sun-Ah; Vicenik, Chad; Lofstedt, Ingvar (2007), "Intonational Phonology of Georgian" (PDF), UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
    • Kiziria, Dodona (2009), Beginner's Georgian with 2 Audio CDs, New York: Hippocrene
    • Kraveishvili, M. & Nakhutsrishvili, G. (1972), Teach Yourself Georgian for English Speaking Georgians, Tbilisi: The Georgian Society for Cultural Relations with Compatriots Abroad
    • Elene Machavariani. The graphical basis of the Georgian Alphabet, Tbilisi, 1982, 107 pp (in Georgian)
    • Ramaz Pataridze. The Georgian Asomtavruli, Tbilisi, 1980, 600 pp (in Georgian)
    • Price, Glanville (1998), An Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, Blackwell
    • Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association
    • Vicenik, Chad (2010), "An acoustic study of Georgian stop consonants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association
    • "Great discovery" (about the expedition of Academician Levan Chilashvili).- Newspaper Kviris Palitra, Tbilisi, April 21–27, 2003 (in Georgian)
    • Skopeteas, Stavros; Féry, Caroline; Asatiani, Rusudan (2009), Word order and intonation in Georgian, University of Potsdam

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