Sikarier

Die Sikarier („Messerstecher“, „Messerschwinger“, „Dolchträger“; von lateinisch sica = Dolch) waren eine gegen die Römer und ihre Okkupation gerichtete jüdische Gruppe im 1. Jahrhundert.[1] Ihre bevorzugte Waffe war ein Dolch, die Sica.

Geschichte

Marcus Antonius Felix wurde bekannt dafür, dass er die messianischen Aufstandsbewegungen mit harter Hand unterdrückte; auch stand er Gerüchten zufolge, die Flavius Josephus kolportierte, in Verbindung mit dem Mord der Sikarier an dem Hohepriester Jonathan ben Hannas (im Amt von 36–37 und 44) im Jahr 56 n. Chr.[2]

Der Politologe David C. Rapoport sieht Sikarier und Zeloten als terroristische Gruppierungen an.[3] Obgleich es sich um verschiedene Phänomene handelte, waren doch die Unterschiede mehr im praktisch-taktischen Handeln als im Ideologischen zu suchen. So hätten die Sikarier zumeist Mitglieder der jüdischen Bevölkerung terrorisiert, die Zeloten hingegen die römische Besatzung, aber auch Griechen.[4]

Nach einer Hypothese könnte auch Judas Iskariot, einer der Jünger Jesu, ein Anhänger dieser Gruppe gewesen sein, woher sich sein Beiname „Iskariot“ erkläre. Da die Sikarier Flavius Josephus zufolge erst zu einem Zeitpunkt auftraten, als Judas laut den Evangelien schon längere Zeit tot war, gilt dies allerdings als relativ unwahrscheinlich, zumal es andere plausible Erklärungsmöglichkeiten für den Beinamen gibt.

Nachleben

Die militante jüdische Haredi-Organisation Sikrikim hat ihren Namen von den Sikariern.

Der lateinamerikanische Begriff Sicario für einen Auftragskiller geht auf die Sikarier zurück.

Quellen

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Martin Hengel: Die Zeloten. Untersuchungen zur jüdischen Freiheitsbewegung in der Zeit von Herodes I. bis 70 n. Chr. 2. Auflage. Brill, Leiden/Köln 1976, DNB 201102684, S. 47–54.
  2. Flavius Josephus, Jüdische Altertümer XX 162ff. In der früheren Darstellung des Josephus (Jüdischer Krieg II 256) wird Felix dagegen nicht mit dem Mord in Zusammenhang gebracht.
  3. David C. Rapoport: Messianism and Terror. In: The Center Magazine. Band 19, 1986, S. 30–39.
  4. Stefan Malthaner, Peter Waldmann: Radikale Milieus: Das soziale Umfeld terroristischer Gruppen (= Mikropolitik der Gewalt. Band 6). Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-5933-9599-9, S. 46.

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