Holozoa

Holozoa

Ministeria vibrans

Systematik
Domäne: Eukaryota
ohne Rang: Amorphea
ohne Rang: Obazoa
Supergruppe: Schubgeißler (Opisthokonta)
ohne Rang: Holozoa
Wissenschaftlicher Name
Holozoa
Lang et al., 2002
Schema vergleichbarer Entwicklungs­prozesse bei Protisten und Holozoen im Vergleich zu Tieren: Sphaeroforma arctica, Drosophila Blastoderm, Choanoeca (Kragengeißeltierchen), Metazoa.

Holozoa (griechisch für „Gesamttiere“) bezeichnet jene Abstammungslinie von Lebensformen, die neben bestimmten Einzellern auch die eigentlichen Tiere (Metazoa) beinhaltet.[1] Das Taxon der Holozoa wird rein phylogenetisch definiert. Es wird bestimmt als die größte gemeinsame Klade um den Jetztmenschen (Homo sapiens), in die aufgrund bestimmter genetischer Unterschiede eine Schimmelpilz-Art namens Neurospora crassa nicht mehr mit hineingehört.[2] Mithin sind alle Organismen, die näher mit dem Menschen als mit Neurospora crassa verwandt sind, Holozoa.

Systematik

Schematische Darstellung der möglichen phylogenetischen Position der Holozoa, nach zwei Vorschlägen:.
A: Pluriformea als Schwesterklade zu einer die Tiere, Choanoflagellaten und Filasterea (einschließlich Pigoraptor) umfassenden Klade (nach Hehenberger et al.[3]),
B: Pluriformea als Schwesterstamm zu Ichthyosporea innerhalb der Teretosporea (nach López-Escardó et al.).
Hervorgehoben sind die neuen Gattungen Syssomonas und Pigoraptor.[4]

Das Schwestertaxon der Holozoa heißt Nucletmycea, zu dem neben vielen Einzellern auch die Pilze (Fungi) gehören. Beide Taxa bilden zusammen die Gruppe der Schubgeißler (Opisthokonta). Diese wiederum formen mit den Einzellern der Breviatea und der Apusomonadida die Obazoa. Die Obazoa stellen gemeinsam mit den Amoebozoa die Gruppe der Amorphea.[5]

Die Holozoa spalten sich (nach der Teretosporea-Hypothese) in die Schwestertaxa der Teretosporea[6] und der Filozoa.[7] Zu den Teretosporea gehören die Ichthyosporea und die Pluriformea[3] (synonym Corallochytrea[8][9]). Die Filozoa zerfallen in die Kladen der Filasterea und der Choanozoa. Das Monophylum der Choanozoa umfasst dann die Kragengeißeltierchen (Choanoflagellata) und die eigentlichen Tiere (Metazoa).[10] Jene beiden Linien gliedern sich einerseits in Craspedida und Acanthoecida[11] und andererseits möglicherweise in Schwämme (Porifera)[12] und Epitheliozoa.[13] Erst mit den Tieren evolvierte innerhalb der Holozoa eine Form der Vielzelligkeit.

Äußere Systematik der Holozoa
Innere Systematik der Holozoa
 Holozoa 
 Teretosporea 
 Ichthyosporea 

Dermocystidaa


   

Ichthyophonidab



   

Pluriformea [Corallochytrea[8]]c



 Filozoa 

Filasteread


 Choanozoa 
 Choanoflagellata 

Craspedida


   

Acanthoecida



 Metazoa 

Porifera


   

Epitheliozoa






a: Umfasst die Gattungen Amphibiocystidium, Amphibiothecum, Chromosphaera, Dermocystidium, Rhinosporidium, Sphaerothecum.
b: Umfasst die Gattungen Abeoforma, Amoebidium, Anurofeca, Astreptonema, Caullerya, Creolimax, Eccrinidus, Enterobryus, Enteropogon, Ichthyophonus, Palavascia, Pseudoperkinsus, Psorospermium, Sphaeroforma.
c: Umfasst die Gattungen Corallochytrium, Syssomonas.
d: Umfasst die Gattungen Capsaspora, Ministeria, Pigoraptor.
Die systematische Einordnung einer weiteren Gattung von holozoen Einzellern namens Tunicaraptor bleibt unsicher,[14] diese könnte aber der Filasterea-Gattung Txikispora nahestehen.[9]

Frühe Fossilien

Die Diabaig-Formation in Nordwest-Schottland enthält Süßwasser-Ablagerungen aus Seen, die ungefähr eine Milliarde Jahr alt sind. Aus diesen Ablagerung aus dem untersten Tonium wurden Mikrofossilien der Gattung Bicellum geborgen. Die Mikrofossilien werden als Zellaggregate früher Holozoa interpretiert, also als vorübergehende Zusammenballungen von eigentlich einzellig lebenden Organismen. Bicellum gehörte wahrscheinlich nicht zu den Choanozoa.[15]

Die sehr feinkörnigen Phosphorite der Doushantuo-Formation (Südwest-China) enthalten Mikrofossilien der Gattung Megasphaera. Die Ablagerungen sind etwa 609 Millionen Jahre alt und stammen aus dem unteren Ediacarium. Megasphaera könnte ebenfalls Zellaggregate von normalerweise einzellig lebenden Holozoa überliefern. Vielleicht stellen sie aber auch frühe embryonale Entwicklungsstadien von Tieren dar.[16]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Sina M. Adl, David Bass, Christopher E. Lane, Julius Lukes, Conrad L. Schoch, Alexey Smirnov, Sabine Agatha, Cedric Berney, Matthew W. Brown, Fabien Burki, Paco Cárdenas, Ivan Cepicka, Lyudmila Chistyakova, Javier del Campo, Micah Dunthorn, Bente Edvardsen, Yana Eglit, Laure Guillou, Vladimír Hampl, Aaron A. Heiss, Mona Hoppenrath, Timothy Y. James, Anna Karnkowska, Sergey Karpov, Eunsoo Kim, Martin Kolisko, Alexander Kudryavtsev, Daniel J.G. Lahr, Enrique Lara, Line Le Gall, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Ramon Massana, Edward A.D. Mitchell, Christine Morrow, Jong Soo Park, Jan W. Pawlowski, Martha J. Powell, Daniel J. Richter, Sonja Rueckert, Lora Shadwick, Satoshi Shimano, Frederick W. Spiegel, Guifré Torruella, Noha Youssef, Vasily Zlatogursky, Qianqian Zhang: Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes. In: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. Band 66, 2019, S. 7–8.
  2. Sina M. Adl, David Bass, Christopher E. Lane, Julius Lukes, Conrad L. Schoch, Alexey Smirnov, Sabine Agatha, Cedric Berney, Matthew W. Brown, Fabien Burki, Paco Cárdenas, Ivan Cepicka, Lyudmila Chistyakova, Javier del Campo, Micah Dunthorn, Bente Edvardsen, Yana Eglit, Laure Guillou, Vladimír Hampl, Aaron A. Heiss, Mona Hoppenrath, Timothy Y. James, Anna Karnkowska, Sergey Karpov, Eunsoo Kim, Martin Kolisko, Alexander Kudryavtsev, Daniel J.G. Lahr, Enrique Lara, Line Le Gall, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Ramon Massana, Edward A.D. Mitchell, Christine Morrow, Jong Soo Park, Jan W. Pawlowski, Martha J. Powell, Daniel J. Richter, Sonja Rueckert, Lora Shadwick, Satoshi Shimano, Frederick W. Spiegel, Guifré Torruella, Noha Youssef, Vasily Zlatogursky, Qianqian Zhang: Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes. In: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. Band 66, 2019, S. 19.
  3. a b Elisabeth Hehenberger, Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Martin Kolisko, Javier del Campo, Anton S. Esaulov, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Patrick J. Keeling: Novel predators reshape holozoan phylogeny and reveal the presence of a two-component signaling system in the ancestor of animals. In: Current Biology, Band 27, Nr. 13, 10. Juli 2017, S. 2043–2050; doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006 (englisch). Siehe insbes. S. 2045.
  4. Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Elisabeth Hehenberger, Anton S. Esaulov, Olga I. Belyakova, Yuri A. Mazei, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Patrick J. Keeling: Insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity from predatory unicellular relatives of animals. In: BMC Biology. 18. Jahrgang, Nr. 39, 9. April 2020, ResearchGate:340538125, doi:10.1186/s12915-020-0762-1, PMID 32272915, PMC 7147346 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  5. Sina M. Adl, David Bass, Christopher E. Lane, Julius Lukes, Conrad L. Schoch, Alexey Smirnov, Sabine Agatha, Cedric Berney, Matthew W. Brown, Fabien Burki, Paco Cárdenas, Ivan Cepicka, Lyudmila Chistyakova, Javier del Campo, Micah Dunthorn, Bente Edvardsen, Yana Eglit, Laure Guillou, Vladimír Hampl, Aaron A. Heiss, Mona Hoppenrath, Timothy Y. James, Anna Karnkowska, Sergey Karpov, Eunsoo Kim, Martin Kolisko, Alexander Kudryavtsev, Daniel J.G. Lahr, Enrique Lara, Line Le Gall, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Ramon Massana, Edward A.D. Mitchell, Christine Morrow, Jong Soo Park, Jan W. Pawlowski, Martha J. Powell, Daniel J. Richter, Sonja Rueckert, Lora Shadwick, Satoshi Shimano, Frederick W. Spiegel, Guifré Torruella, Noha Youssef, Vasily Zlatogursky, Qianqian Zhang: Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes. In: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. Band 66, 2019, S. 6, 7, 12.
  6. Salma Sana, Emilie A. Hardouin, Richard Paley, Tiantian Zhang, Demetra Andreou: The complete mitochondrial genome of a parasite at the animal-fungal boundary. In: Parasites & Vectors. Band 13, 2020, Artikel-Nr. 81, S. 2.
  7. Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi, Marianne A. Minge, Mari Espelund, Russell Orr, Torgeir Ruden, Kjetill S. Jakobsen, Thomas Cavalier-Smith: Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals. In: PLoS ONE. Band 3, 2008, e2098, S. 5.
  8. a b Victoria Shabardina, Jennah E. Dharamshi, Patricia S. Ara, Meritxell Antó, Fernando J. Bascón, Hiroshi Suga, Wyth Marshall, Claudio Scazzocchio, Elena Casacuberta, Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo: Ichthyosporea: a window into the origin of animals. In: Communications Biology, Band 7, Nr. 915, 29. Juli 2024; doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06608-5 (englisch).
  9. a b Michelle Leger, Núria Ros-Rocher, Sebastián R. Najle, Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo: Rel/NF-kB Transcription Factors Emerged at the Onset of Opisthokonts. In: Genome Biology and Evolution. 14. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 6. Januar 2022, hdl:10261/272058, ResearchGate:357697979, doi:10.1093/gbe/evab289, PMID 34999783, PMC 8763368 (freier Volltext) – (englisch). Siehe insbes.Fig. 1B.
  10. Sina M. Adl, David Bass, Christopher E. Lane, Julius Lukes, Conrad L. Schoch, Alexey Smirnov, Sabine Agatha, Cedric Berney, Matthew W. Brown, Fabien Burki, Paco Cárdenas, Ivan Cepicka, Lyudmila Chistyakova, Javier del Campo, Micah Dunthorn, Bente Edvardsen, Yana Eglit, Laure Guillou, Vladimír Hampl, Aaron A. Heiss, Mona Hoppenrath, Timothy Y. James, Anna Karnkowska, Sergey Karpov, Eunsoo Kim, Martin Kolisko, Alexander Kudryavtsev, Daniel J.G. Lahr, Enrique Lara, Line Le Gall, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Ramon Massana, Edward A.D. Mitchell, Christine Morrow, Jong Soo Park, Jan W. Pawlowski, Martha J. Powell, Daniel J. Richter, Sonja Rueckert, Lora Shadwick, Satoshi Shimano, Frederick W. Spiegel, Guifré Torruella, Noha Youssef, Vasily Zlatogursky, Qianqian Zhang: Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes. In: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. Band 66, 2019, S. 19–22.
  11. Frank Nitsche, Martin Carr, Hartmut Arndt, Barry S.C. Leadbeater: Higher Level Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogenetics of the Choanoflagellatea. In: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. Band 58, 2011, S. 452.
  12. Gert Wörheide, Martin Dohrmann, Dirk Erpenbeck, Claire Larroux, Manuel Maldonado, Oliver Voigt, Carole Borchiellini, Dennis V. Lavrov: Deep Phylogeny and Evolution of Sponges (Phylum Porifera). In: Advances in Marine Biology. Band 61, 2012, S. 1.
  13. Martin Dohrmann, Gert Wörheide: Dating early animal evolution using phylogenomic data. In: Scientific Reports. Band 7, 2017, S. 4.
  14. Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Kirill V. Mikhailov, Elisabeth Hehenberger, Sergei A. Karpov, Kristina I. Prokina, Anton S. Esaulov, Olga I. Belyakova, Yuri A. Mazei, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Vladimir V. Aleoshin, Patrick J. Keeling: New Lineage of Microbial Predators Adds Complexity to Reconstructing the Evolutionary Origin of Animals. In: Current Biology. Band 30, 2020, S. 4500–4509.
  15. Paul K. Strother, Martin D. Brasier, David Wacey, Leslie Timpe, Martin Saunders, Charles H. Wellman: A possible billion-year-old holozoan with differentiated multicellularity. In: Current Biology. Band 31, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.051, S. 2658–2665.
  16. Zongjun Yin, Kelly Vargas, John Cunningham, Stefan Bengtson, Maoyan Zhu, Federica Marone, Philip Donoghue: The Early Ediacaran Caveasphaera Foreshadows the Evolutionary Origin of Animal-like Embryology. In: Current Biology. Band 29, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.057, S. 4312.

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