Tjuvasjere

Tjuvasjere
чӑваш
Tjuvasere på et sovjetisk frimærke
Antal og fordeling
Antal i alt
Rusland Rusland: 1.637.094(2002) [1]
* Republikken Tjuvasjien Republikken Tjuvasjien:
 889.000(2002) [1]
* Republikken Tatarstan Republikken Tatarstan:
 126.500(2002) [1]
* Republikken Basjkortostan Republikken Basjkortostan:
 117.300(2002) [1]
* Uljanovsk oblast Uljanovsk oblast:
 111.300(2002) [1]
* Samara oblast Samara oblast:
 101.400(2002) [1]
Kasakhstan: 22.305(1989) [2]
Ukraine Ukraine: 10.593(2001) [3]
Usbekistan Uzbekistan: 10.074(2002) [4]
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan: 2.281(1989) [5]
Hviderusland Hviderusland: 2.242(1999) [6]
Letland Letland: 752(2002) [7]
Moldova Moldavien: 1.204(1989) [8]
Kirgisistan Kirgisistan: 848(1999) [9]
Georgien Georgien: 542(1989) [10]
Estland Estland: 495(2000) [11]
Aserbajdsjan Azerbaijan: 489(1989) [12]
Etnografi
Sprog: Tjuvasjisk, russisk
Religion: Russisk-ortodoksne kristne, islam
Levevis: Jægere, landbrugere;
Udbredelse
Tjuvasisk diaspora i Volgas føderale distrikt

Tjuvasjere (tjuvasjisk: чӑваш) er en folkegruppe i Rusland, der taler tjuvasjisk, og har republikken Tjuvasjien som vigtigste bosættelsesområde.

Ved folketællingen i 2002 blev der registreret 1.637.000 tjuvasjere i Rusland. Omtrent 889.000 af disse bor i Republikken Tjuvasjien, resten hovedsageligt i republikkerne Tatarstan og Basjkortostan og Samara oblast. Der bor også en del tjuvasjere i Kasakhstan.

Organisationer

I Rusland og de tidligere sovjetrepublikker findes tjuvasjiske kulturforeninger, der holder kontakten til Republikken Tjuvasjien, organiserer litteratur- og kulturarrangementer, markerer tjuvasjisk Akatuj (omtrent modsvarende Sankt Hans), Tjavarni (forårsfest). I 1990'erne oprettedes den "tjuvasjiske nationalkongres". Kongressen organiserer tjuvasjiske konkurrencer med sprogolympiader, "Miss Tjuvasjien" og lignende. Kongressen repræsenterer tjuvasjerne i UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)[13]

Sproget

Tjuvasjisk, der sammen med russisk er officielt sprog i Republikken Tjuvasien, tilhører den tyrkiske sprogfamilie. 1.043.000 indbyggere i Den Russiske Føderation opgav at have tjuvasjisk som modersmål ved folketælling i 2010.[14]

Tjuvasjiske navne

De fleste tjuvasiske navne er russificerede. Med kristningen under Ivan 4. måtte tjuvasjererne lade deres børn døbe[kilde mangler] og antage ortodokse navne. Efternavnene dannedes som patronymer efter faderens navn: Ivan Stepan-ov (dansk: ~ Stepans Ivan, Ivan Stepansen). Ivans søn fik efternavnet Ivanov, Ivans datter fik efternavnet Ivanova. Arvede slægtsnavne blev taget i anvendelse i midten af 1900-tallet. Ved siden af russiske, officielle navne anvender tjuvasjiserne navne uformelt: Stappan Ivane (dansk: Stepan søn Ivan).

Familier, som ikke kristnedes, anvender fortsat gamle tjuvasjiske navne.[kilde mangler] Blandt kunstnere er det almindeligt at tage tjuvasjiske pseudonymer. Gennadij Lisin, en tjuvasjisk forfatter, tog navnet Ajhi (Ajgi), som betyder "den der".[kilde mangler]

Religion

Majoriteten af tjuvasjerne tilhører den russisk-ortodokse kirke. Ifølge visse kilder[kilde mangler] gik mange tjuvasjere over til islam i Zar-rusland, fordi muslimer blev ladet i fred mens der fandtes strengere regler og betalinger for den kristne befolkning.[kilde mangler] Resultatet heraf blev "tatariseringen".

En del af tjuvaserne er tilhængere af den gamle animistiske tjuvasjiske tro[kilde mangler]. Hvert år mødes de i Ucük ved en gammel eg og læser bønner til den guden Tor.[kilde mangler]

I øvrigt påpeges[hvem?] det, at tjuvaserne har en blanding af den ortodokse lære og gamle animistiske forestillinger.[15]

Kendte tjuvasjer

Noter

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Folketælling i Rusland i 2002". Arkiveret fra originalen 22. juni 2020. Hentet 30. august 2011.
  2. ^ Sovjetisk folketælling i Kasakh SSR i 1989
  3. ^ Folketælling Ukraine i 2001 (Webside ikke længere tilgængelig)
  4. ^ Atlas of Uzbekistan's Ethnic Minorities (Webside ikke længere tilgængelig)
  5. ^ Sovjetisk folketælling i Turkmenske SSR i 1989
  6. ^ Hviderussisk folketælling i 1999
  7. ^ "Folketælling i Letland i 2002". Arkiveret fra originalen 21. oktober 2017. Hentet 30. august 2011.
  8. ^ Sovjetisk folketælling i Moldavian SSR i 1989
  9. ^ Folketælling i Kirgisistan i 1999
  10. ^ Sovjetisk folketælling i Georgisk SSR i 1989
  11. ^ Folketælling i Estland i 2000
  12. ^ Sovjetisk folketælling i Azerbaijan SSR i 1989
  13. ^ "UNPO". Arkiveret fra originalen 11. maj 2008. Hentet 21. august 2011.
  14. ^ Ethnologue; Chuvash, hentet 17. august 2014, (engelsk)
  15. ^ "narod.ru". Arkiveret fra originalen 5. november 2011. Hentet 21. august 2011.

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