Etnografisk klassifikation af Amerikas oprindelige folk
Hupaindianer med fiskespyd.Etnografisk klassifikation af amerikas oprindelige folk i Nord -, Mellem - og Sydamerika er baseret på kulturelle områder, geografi og lingvistik . Antropologer har navngivet forskellige kulturelle områder, med flydende grænser, der er generelt accepteres med en vis variation. Disse kulturelle områder er stort set baserede på placeringen af Amerikas oprindelige folk fra den tidlige europæiske og afrikanske kontakt, der begynder i slutningen af det 15. århundrede. Når oprindelige folk er blevet tvangsfjernet af nationalstater, bevarer de deres oprindelige geografiske klassifikation. Nogle grupper spænde over flere kulturelle områder.
Klassifikation af oprindelige amerikanere i USA og Canada
Etnografer opdeler normalt USA 's og Canadas oprindelige befolkning i ti geografiske regioner, som har fælles kulturelle træk. Den følgende liste opdeler folkeslagene efter deres oprindelsessted, efterfulgt af deres nuværende sted. Regionerne er:
Arktisk
Subarktisk
Ahtna (Ahtena , Nabesna )Atikamekw Babine Bearlake Carrier Chipewyan Chilcotin Cree Degexit'an (Ingalik )Dogrib Han Hare Holikachuk Innu Kaska (Nahane )Kolchan (Upper Kuskowim )Koyukon Kutchin Mountain Naskapi Nishka Ojibwa Sekani Slavey (dialekter: Hay River , Simpson Providence , Liard , Fort Nelson )Tagish Tahltan Lower Tanana Middle Tanana Upper Tanana Tanacross Tanaina (dialekter: Outer Inlet , Upper Inlet , Iliama , Inland , Kachemak Bay , Kenai , Susitna River )Tasttine (bæver )Inland Tlingit Tsetsaut Tsimishian Northern Tutchone Southern Tutchone Wet'suweten Yellowknife
Californien
Achomawi (Pit River-indianere )Antoniaño Atsugewi Bear River Cahuilla Campo Chemehuevi Chukchansi Chumash (dialekter: Roseño , Purisimeño , Barbareño , Inezeño , Ventureño , Obispeño , Santa Paula , Cruzeño , Emigdiano Allilik )Chilula Chimariko Costanoan (dialekter: Ramaytush , San Jose , Juichen , Chocheño , Tamyen , Awaswas , Chalon , Mutsun , Rumsen )Cupeño Diegueño Esselen Fernandeño: se Tataviam
Gabrieliño: se Tongva
Giamina Huchnom Hupa Ipai Jamul Juaneño Kamia Karok Kato Kiliwa Kitanemuk Klamath Konomihu Konkow Kumeyaay (Diegueño)Lassik Luiseño Maidu Mattole Mesa Grande Migueleño Mission-indianerne Miwok (Me-wuk )Modoc Mohave Monache Nakipa Nisenan Nomlaki Nongatl Ohlone Paipai (Akwa'ala )Paiute Patwin Pomo Quechan Rumsen Salinan San Clemente San Nicolas Santa Catalina Serrano Shasta-stammen Sinkyone Tache Tachi-stammen Tataviam (Fernandeño)Tipai Tolowa Tongva (Gabrieliño)Tsnungwe Tubatulabal Wailaki Wappo Washoe Whilkut Wintu Wintun Wiyot Yahi Yana Yocha Dehe Yokuts Yuki Coast Yuki Yurok
Accohannock MarylandAlgonquian nedre Saint Lawrence River Algonquins Outaouais og Abitibi i QuebecBeothuk , tidligere Newfoundland , findes ikke længereCaniba Conoy Erie Etchemin Quebec (Maliseet)Fox Ho-Chunk Huron /Wyandot Ontario syd for Georgian Bay , nu Oklahoma og Wendake , QuebecIllinois (Illini ) IllinoisIroquois New York
Kickapoo Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, TexasLaurentian Lenni-Lenape Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, nu OklahomaLoup A Loup B Maliseet Maine, Quebec og New Brunswick, CanadaMascouten Massachusett MassachusettsMenominee Miami Indiana, nu OklahomaMingo Pennsylvania, OhioMahican Mohegan Montauk New YorkMunsee Nanticoke Narragansett Rhode IslandNatick Neutral Nipissing Nipmuc MassachusettsOjibwe (Chippewa, Anishaabe) Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Montana)Oji-Cree Ottawa Paugusset ConnecticutPassamaquoddy MainePenobscot MainePeoria Illinois, nu OklahomaPequot Petun Pocumtuk Poospatuck New YorkPotawatomi MichiganPowhatan VirginiaQuiripi Ramapough Mountain Indians New JerseyHopewell Ohio og Black River -områdetSauk Saulteaux Secotan Shawnee Ohio, Pennsylvania [de fleste endte i Oklahoma]Shinnecock New YorkSouriquoian Susquahannock Tarrantine Tarranteen
Unalachtigo Unami Unquachog Wampanoag MassachusettsWappinger Wawenoc Wea Wenro Wyandot /Huron Ontario syd for Georgian Bay , nu Oklahoma og Wendake , Quebec
Cayuse OregonCelilo (Wayampam )Upper Chinookan (dialekter: Clackamas , Cascades , Hood River Wasco , Wishram Kathlamet , Wishram , Cathlamet , Multnomah ,Columbian (dialetker Wenatchee , Sinkayuse , Chelan )Coeur d'Alene [ 1] Colville WashingtonUpper Cowlitz Flatbow Flathead [ 1] Fountain John Day Kalispel [ 1] Kittitas Klamath Klikitat WashingtonKootenai IdahoLakes Lillooet Lower Snake (Chamnapam , Wauyukma , Naxiyampam )Modoc Molala (Molale ) OregonNez Perce IdahoNicola Okanagan [ 1] Palus (Palouse)Pend'Oreilles [ 1] Rock Creek Sahaptin Sanpoil Shuswap Spokane [ 1] Tenino Thompson Tygh Tygh Valley Umatilla OregonUpper Nisqually (Mishalpan )Walla Walla OregonWanapum Wasco OregonYakima Washington
Alsea Applegate Bella Bella Bella Coola Calapooia (se Kalapuya )
Calapuya (se Kalapuya )
Chasta Costa Chehalis (øvre og nedre) WashingtonChemakum WashingtonChetco Chilliwak Chinook (dialekter: Lower Chinook , Upper Chinook , Clackamas , Wasco )Chinook Jargon Clatsop Clatskanie (Tlatskanie )Comox Coos {Hanis } OregonLower Coquille (Miluk ) OregonUpper Coquille Cowichan Lower Cowlitz WashingtonDuwamish WashingtonEyak AlaskaGalice Haida (dialekter: Kaigani , Skidegate , Masset ) AlaskaHaihai Haisla Halkomelem Heiltsuk Hoh WashingtonNorth Kalapuya (dialekter: Yamhill or Yamel , Tualatin or Tfalati or Atfalati )Central Kalapuya (dialekter: Santiam , Mary's River , Lakmiut , Ahantchuyuk , Lower McKenzie eller Mohawk )South Kalapuya (Yonkalla or Yoncalla )Kimsquit Kitimat Klallam (Clallam, dialekter: Klallam (Lower Elwha) , S'Klallam (Jamestown) , S'Klallam (Port Gamble) )Klemtu Klickitat Koskimo Kwalhioqua Kwakiutl (Kwakwala eller Kwakwa'kwa'kw )Kwalhioqua Kwantlem Kwatami Lummi WashingtonLushootseed Makah WashingtonMuckleshoot WashingtonMusqueam Nanaimo Niskwalli Nooksack WashingtonNisqually WashingtonPentlatch Puyallup WashingtonQuileute WashingtonQuinault WashingtonRogue River eller Upper Illinois Oregon, CaliforniaSaanich Samish Sauk-Suiattle WashingtonSechelt Shoalwater Bay Tribe WashingtonSiletz OregonSiuslaw OregonSkagit Skokomish WashingtonSliammon Snohomish Stó:lō Songish Sooke Squaxin Island-stammen WashingtonSpokane WashingtonStillaguamish WashingtonSquamish WashingtonSwinomish WashingtonTait Takelma OregonTalio Tillamook (Nehalem ) OregonTlatlasikoala Tlingit AlaskaTolowa-Tututni Tsimshian (dialekter: Hartley Bay , Prince Rupert , Gitando , Kitkatla )Tulalip WashingtonTwana Lower Umpqua OregonUpper Umpqua OregonUpper Skagit WashingtonOowekyala Yaquina
Sletter
Aranama Arapaho [ 2] :vi Arikara [ 2] :vi Assiniboine [ 3] :103 Fort Peck Indian Reservation hvor Assiniboine og Lakota (Sioux) borAtsina [ 2] :vi Besawunena Blackfoot [ 2] :vi Kainah eller Blood, Siksiki , Northern Peigan , Piegan eller Blackfeet)Brule Caddo Cheyenne [ 2] :vi Chickasaw OklahomaComanche [ 2] :vi Crow [ 4] Chippewa Cree MontanaPlains cree [ 5] Dakota Gros ventre (se "atsina")Hasinai Hidatsa [ 2] :vi Iowa [ 2] :vi Karankawa TexasKaw (Kansa ) [ 2] :vi Kiowa [ 2] :vi Kitsai Lakota (Teton sioux) South Dakota, North Dakota, NebraskaLipan Apache Mandan [ 2] :vi Missouri-stammen (Missouria ) MissouriNawathinehena Oglala Sioux Plains Ojibwe [ 2] :vi Omaha [ 2] :vi Mississaugas Osage Nation [ 2] :vi Otoe (staves også Oto ) OklahomaOttawa Michigan; OklahomaPawnee (Dialects: South Bands , Skiri ) OklahomaPiegan Plains Apache OklahomaPonca Nebraska, OklahomaQuapaw (Arkansas ) Arkansas, OklahomaSarsi [ 2] :vi Santee Sauk (oprindeligt Great Lakes, nu Kansas, Oklahoma, IowaSiksika Sioux (Lakota (teton-sioux), Dakota, Nakota) Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming)Stoney (gammel betegnelse for Assiniboine)Tamique Teton Tonkawa OklahomaTsuu T’ina (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina)Wichita Oklahoma (Affiliated Tribes – Wichita, Waco, Tawakoni, Keechi)Wyandot Ontario, MichiganYankton Yanktonai
Adai Ais FloridaAkokisa Alabama AlabamaApalachee FloridaAtakapa Bidai Biloxi MississippiCaddo Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, TexasCalusa FloridaCatawba South CarolinaChatot Chawasha Cherokee North Carolina; senere primært OklahomaChiaha Chickahominy VirginiaChickamauga Chickasaw Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, senere OklahomaChitimacha LouisianaChoctaw Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama; senere OklahomaCreek Alabama; Oklahoma, GeorgiaCoahuiltecan TexasCoushatta LouisianaCoharie North CarolinaCusabo Hitchiti Houma LouisianaIswa Jeaga FloridaKoasati Lumbee North CarolinaMattaponi VirginiaMeherrin North CarolinaMikasuki FloridaMobile Mocama Monacan VirginiaNansemond VirginiaNatchez Mississippi, LouisianaNottoway Ofo Pamlico (Carolina )Pamunkey VirginiaPee Dee South Carolina, North CarolinaPensacola Rappahannock VirginiaSaponi Seminole Florida; OklahomaTaensa Tawasa Tekesta FloridaTimucua (Utina) FloridaTopachula FloridaTuscarora North Carolina, Virginia (senere Niagra Falls, NY)Tuskegee Tutelo Tunica MississippiWaccamaw North Carolina, South CarolinaWoccon Yamasee Yuchi
Sydvest
Klassifikation af oprindelige amerikanere i Mellem- og Sydamerika
Indianerne i Mellem- og Sydamerika klassificeres generelt efter sproglige, miljømæssige og kulturelle ligheder.
Referencer
^ a b c d e f Teit James A.: The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus . Smithsonian Institution. 45th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, 1930. Pp. 23-396.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Wiessler, Clark: ”Societies of the Plains Indians.” Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. XI. New York, 1916.
^ Hodge, Frederick Webb (Ed.): Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Part 1. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 30. Washington, 1907.
^ Lowie, Robert H.: The Crow Indians . Lincoln and London. 1983.
^ Milloy, John S.: The Plains Cree: Trade, Diplomacy and War, 1790 to 1870. Winnipeg. 1988.
