Gaius Suetonius Paulinus

Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
Ganwydc. 10 Edit this on Wikidata
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Swyddllywodraethwr Rhufeinig, Conswl Rhufeinig Edit this on Wikidata

Roedd Gaius Suetonius Paulinus (weithiau Paullinus; fl. 42 - 69), yn gadfridog a llywodraethwr Rhufeinig sy'n enwog am ei ymosodiad ar Ynys Môn a'i fuddugoliaeth tros Buddug (Boudica).

Bywgraffiad

Ni wyddir man na dyddiad geni Paulinus. Wedi bod yn braetor, fe'i gyrrwyd i Mauretania yn 42 fel legatus legionis i ddelio a gwrthryfel. Ef oedd y Rhufeiniwr cyntaf i groesi Mynyddoedd yr Atlas ac mae Plinius yr Hynaf yn dyfynnu ei ddisgrifiad o'r ardal.

Yn 59 penodwyd ef yn llywodraethwr Prydain yn lle Quintus Veranius, oedd wedi marw tra'n llywodraethwr. Bu'n ymladd am ddwy flynedd yn erbyn llwythi Cymru ac yn 61 ymosododd ar Ynys Môn. Roedd yr ynys yn amlwg o bwysigrwydd arbennig, nid yn unig yn noddfa i ffoaduriaid oddi wrth y Rhufeiniaid ond yn gadarnle y Derwyddon. Croesodd y Rhufeiniaid Afon Menai mewn cychod, ond er bod cryn dipyn o drafod wedi bod nid oes sicrwydd ymhle y croesodd. Mae'r hanesydd Rhufeinig Tacitus yn rhoi disgrifiad byw o'r olygfa ar lannau Môn, gyda'r Derwyddon a merched Môn yn gymysg a'r rhyfelwyr. Cipiodd Paulinus yr ynys a thorri coed y llennyrch sanctaidd.

Tra'r oedd Paulinus yng Nghymru, manteisiodd llwyth yr Iceni ar y cyfle i wrthryfela dan eu brenhines Buddug. Cipiasant y colonia Rhufeinig Camulodunum (Colchester) a gorchfygasant leng dan arweiniad Petillius Cerialis. Dychwelodd Paulinus i Londinium (Llundain). Roedd yr Iceni a'u cyngheiriaid ar eu ffordd tua'r ddinas, ac nid oedd byddin Paulinus yn ddigon mawr i'w hamddiffyn, felly gorchymynodd i bawb a fedrai ei gadael. Distrwyiwyd y ddinas a dinas Verulamium (St Albans) gan fyddin Buddug.

Ffurfiodd Paulinus fyddin yn cynnwys y lleng XIV Gemina, rhan o'r XX Valeria Victrix a milwyr cynorthwyol. Roedd wedi gyrru neges i II Augusta, oedd yn Isca Dumnoniorum (Caerwysg) ar y pryd, ond gwrthododd ei phennaeth ymateb i'r alwad. Roedd gan Paulinus fyddin o tua 10,000, tra roedd gan Buddug 100,000 yn ôl Tacitus a 230,000 yn ôl Dio Cassius). Bu brwydr yn rhywle ar hyd ffordd Rufeinig Stryd Watling. Enillodd Paulinus y fuddugoliaeth, a bu lladdfa enfawr ymysg y Brythoniaid. Lladdodd Buddug ei hun.

Wedi derbyn atgyfnerthiad o Germania aeth Paulinus ati i gosbi'r brodorion am y gwrthryfel, ond adroddodd y procurator, Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus, i'r ymerawdwr Nero fod agwedd Paulinus tuag atynt yn debyg o fagu drwgdeimlad ac arwain at wrthryfel pellach. Penderfynwyd symud Paulinus o'i swydd fel llywodraethwr, a daeth Publius Petronius Turpilianus yn llywodraethwr yn ei le.

Daeth Paulinus yn gonswl ordinarius yn 66. Yn 69, yn ystod Blwyddyn y Pedwar Ymerawdwr yr oedd yn un o brif gadfridogion yr ymerawdwr Otho pan oedd Otho'n ymladd yn erbyn Vitellius. Enillodd fuddugoliaeth dros filwyr Vitellius ger Cremona, ond beirniadwyd ef am nad oedd wedi caniatau i'w filwyr ymlid y fyddin orchfygedig, a chyhuddwyd ef o fradwriaeth. Pan atgyfnerthwyd byddin Vitellius, cynghorodd Paulinus na ddylid mentro brwydr ond anwybyddodd Otho ei gyngor. Gorchfygwyd byddin Otho ym Mrwydr Gyntaf Bedriacum. Cymerwyd Paulinus yn garcharor ond llwyddodd i ennill ei ryddid trwy haeru ei fod wedi gwneud ei orau i sicrhau fod Otho'n colli'r frwydr. Ni wyddir dyddiad ei farwolaeth.

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