Svalové napětí

Svalové napětí (též svalový tonus) je obvykle chápáno jako proměnlivé napětí v kosterní svalovině, které je ovlivňováno centrální nervovou soustavou. Dá se také definovat jako rezistence svalu k napínání.[1][2] Měří se většinou palpací (pohmatem), přičemž nižší svalové napětí způsobuje šíření tlakové vlny ve tkáni svalu.[2] O svalovém napětí se nicméně mluví i u hladké svaloviny – to řídí vegetativní nervová soustava.[3]

Svalové napětí kosterní svaloviny regulují převážně retikulární formace v mozku, dále pak bazální ganglia a mozeček;[2] ; vliv však mohou mít i impulsy ze svalových vřetének přímo ve svalové tkáni.[3] Vlastní příčinou jsou neutuchávající slabé nervové impulsy, které do svalů směřují z motorických nervů z míchy.[3] Ve spánku, kdy se retikulární formace tlumí, dochází k poklesu svalového napětí. Vliv má však i stav mysli a emoční, tzv. limbický systém.[2]

Hodnocení napětí

Rozlišuje se:[2]

  • atonie – absence svalového napětí
  • hypotonie – snížení svalového napětí
  • eutonie – normální svalové napětí
  • hypertonie – zvýšení svalového napětí

Hypotonicita i hypertonicita mohou být vyvolány různými pohybovými nemocemi. Sklon k hypertonicitě mají lidé s vysokou fyzickou aktivitou, např. sportovci.[2] Typickým projevem hypertonicity jsou svalové křeče (spasmy).[1] Hypotonicita vzniká při dlouhém pobytu na lůžku. Mohou však signalizovat i poruchy v nervové soustavě, zejména poškození tzv. alfa motoneuronů.[2][1] Atonie vzniká při přerušení motorického nervu vedoucího ke svalu.[4]

Reference

  1. ↑ a b c VANDER, Arthur J. Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function. 8. vyd. [s.l.]: The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001. Dostupné online. 
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g VÉLE, František. Kineziologie. 2. vyd. [s.l.]: Triton, 2006. S. 282. 
  3. ↑ a b c GUYTON, Arthur C; HALL, John E. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11. vyd. [s.l.]: Elsevier, 2006. (11). ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0. 
  4. ↑ GANONG, William F. Review of Medical Physiology. 21. vyd. [s.l.]: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2001. Dostupné online. 

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