Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov

Žores Alfjorov
Narození15. března 1930
Vitebsk, BSSR, Sovětský svaz
Úmrtí1. března 2019 (ve věku 88 let)
Petrohrad
Národnostběloruská
Alma materLeningradský elektrotechnický institut V. I. Uljanova
PracovištěFyzikálně-technický institut A. F. Ioffeho
Oborysemiconductor physics, fyzika, polovodič a politika
Známý díkyHeterogenní tranzistory
OceněníCena Kjóto v kategorii Pokročilé technologie (2001)
Nobelova cena za fyziku (2000)
Děmidovova cena (1999)
Státní cena SSSR (1984)
Leninova cena (1972)
Manžel(ka)Tamara Darskaya (od 1967)
Některá data mohou pocházet z datové položky.

Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov (rusky Жоре́с Ива́нович Алфёров; 15. března 1930 – 1. března 2019,[1][2] Petrohrad) byl ruský fyzik a akademik, který výrazně přispěl ke vzniku moderní fyziky a elektroniky heterogenních struktur. Vynalezl heterogenní tranzistor a v roce 2000 získal Nobelovu cenu za fyziku. Byl taky ruským komunistickým politikem a od roku 1995 do své smrti poslancem Dumy, parlamentu Ruské federace; na sklonku života se stal jedním z nejvlivnějších členů Komunistické strany Ruské federace.

Biografie

Alferov s Vladimirem Putinem.

Narodil se ve Vitebsku v Běloruské SSR (Sovětský svaz) do běloruské rodiny.[3] V roce 1952 vystudoval Leninův elektrotechnický institut v Leningradu. Od roku 1953 pracoval na Ioffeho fyzikálně-technickém institutu Akademie věd SSSR. Na institutu získal několik vědeckých titulů: kandidát matematicko-fyzikálních věd (1961) a doktor matematicko-fyzikálních věd (1970). Od roku 1987 byl ředitelem institutu. Od roku 1979 byl členem Ruské akademie věd. V roce 1989 se stal viceprezidentem Akademie a předsedou předsednictva jejího centra v Petrohradu. Od roku 1995 byl členem Dumy za Komunistickou stranu Ruské federace, komunistou byl od roku 1965. V roce 2000 získal spolu s Herbertem Kroemerem Nobelovu cenu za fyziku „za vývoj heterogenních polovodičových struktur používaných ve vysokorychlostní elektronice a optoelektronice“.

Hermann Grimmeiss, člen Královské švédské akademie věd, která Nobelovy ceny uděluje, řekl: „Bez Alfjorova by nebylo možné přenášet všechna data ze satelitů na Zem nebo mít tolik telefonních linek mezi městy.“[4]

Oblasti výzkumu

Od roku 1962 se zabývá studiem heterogenních struktur polovodičů. Jeho objevy např. v oblasti laserů, fotovoltaických článků, technologie LED a epitaxe přispěly ke vzniku moderní fyziky a elektroniky heterogenních struktur.

Ocenění

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Zhores Alferov na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. ↑ Schores Iwanowitsch Alfjorow ist gestorben
  2. ↑ Умер нобелевский лауреат Жорес Алферов [online]. RIA Novosti [cit. 2019-03-02]. Dostupné online. (Russian) 
  3. ↑ Алферов, Жорес. Lenta. 24. prosince 2007. Dostupné online [cit. 2008-06-26]. (Rusky) 
  4. ↑ Staff writers. Russian and Americans share hi-tech Nobel. BBC News. 10. října 2000. Dostupné online [cit. 2008-06-26]. 

Externí odkazy

Nositelé Nobelovy ceny za fyziku
1901–1925
1926–1950
1951–1975
  • John Cockcroft / Ernest Walton (1951)
  • Felix Bloch / Edward Purcell (1952)
  • Frits Zernike (1953)
  • Max Born / Walther Bothe (1954)
  • Willis Lamb / Polykarp Kusch (1955)
  • William Shockley / John Bardeen / Walter Brattain (1956)
  • Jang Čen-ning / Li Čeng-tao (1957)
  • Pavel Alexejevič Čerenkov / Ilja Frank / Igor Tamm (1958)
  • Emilio G. Segrè / Owen Chamberlain (1959)
  • Donald A. Glaser (1960)
  • Robert Hofstadter / Rudolf Mössbauer (1961)
  • Lev Landau (1962)
  • E. P. Wigner / Maria Göppert-Mayer / J. Hans D. Jensen (1963)
  • Charles Townes / Nikolaj Gennadijevič Basov / Alexandr Prochorov (1964)
  • Šin’ičiró Tomonaga / Julian Schwinger / Richard Feynman (1965)
  • Alfred Kastler (1966)
  • Hans Bethe (1967)
  • Luis Alvarez (1968)
  • Murray Gell-Mann (1969)
  • Hannes Alfvén / Louis Néel (1970)
  • Dennis Gabor (1971)
  • John Bardeen / Leon Cooper / John Schrieffer (1972)
  • Leo Esaki / Ivar Giaever / Brian Josephson (1973)
  • Martin Ryle / Antony Hewish (1974)
  • Aage Bohr / Ben Mottelson / James Rainwater (1975)
    		•
    1976–2000
  • Burton Richter / Samuel Ting (1976)
  • Philip Warren Anderson / Nevill Mott / John Hasbrouck van Vleck (1977)
  • Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica / Arno Allan Penzias / Robert Woodrow Wilson (1978)
  • Sheldon Lee Glashow / Abdus Salam / Steven Weinberg (1979)
  • James Watson Cronin / Val Logsdon Fitch (1980)
  • Nicolaas Bloembergen / Arthur Leonard Schawlow / Kai Siegbahn (1981)
  • Kenneth G. Wilson (1982)
  • Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar / William Alfred Fowler (1983)
  • Simon van der Meer / Carlo Rubbia (1984)
  • Klaus von Klitzing (1985)
  • Ernst Ruska / Gerd Binnig / Heinrich Rohrer (1986)
  • Johannes Georg Bednorz / Karl Alexander Müller (1987)
  • Leon Max Lederman / Melvin Schwartz / Jack Steinberger (1988)
  • Norman Foster Ramsey / Hans Georg Dehmelt / Wolfgang Paul (1989)
  • Richard Edward Taylor / Henry Way Kendall / Jerome Isaac Friedman (1990)
  • Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1991)
  • Georges Charpak (1992)
  • Russell Alan Hulse / Joseph Hooton Taylor (1993)
  • Bertram Brockhouse / Clifford Shull (1994)
  • Frederick Reines / Martin Lewis Perl (1995)
  • David Morris Lee / Douglas Dean Osheroff / Robert Coleman Richardson (1996)
  • Steven Chu / Claude Cohen-Tannoudji / William Daniel Phillips (1997)
  • Robert B. Laughlin / Horst Ludwig Störmer / Cchuej Čchi (1998)
  • Gerardus 't Hooft / Martinus J. G. Veltman (1999)
  • Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov / Herbert Kroemer / Jack Kilby (2000)
    		•
    2001–2025
  • Eric Cornell / Wolfgang Ketterle / Carl Wieman (2001)
  • Raymond Davis mladší / Masatoši Košiba / Riccardo Giacconi (2002)
  • Alexej Abrikosov / Vitalij Ginzburg / Anthony Leggett (2003)
  • David Gross / David Politzer / Frank Wilczek (2004)
  • Roy Glauber / John Hall / Theodor Hänsch (2005)
  • John C. Mather / George Smoot (2006)
  • Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg (2007)
  • Jóičiró Nambu / Makoto Kobajaši / Tošihide Masukawa (2008)
  • Charles Kuen Kao / Willard Sterling Boyle / George E. Smith (2009)
  • Andre Geim / Konstantin Novoselov (2010)
  • Saul Perlmutter / Adam Riess / Brian Schmidt (2011)
  • Serge Haroche / David J. Wineland (2012)
  • François Englert / Peter Higgs (2013)
  • Isamu Akasaki / Hiroši Amano / Shuji Nakamura (2014)
  • Takaaki Kadžita / Arthur B. McDonald (2015)
  • David J. Thouless / Duncan Haldane / Michael Kosterlitz (2016)
  • Rainer Weiss / Barry Barish / Kip Thorne (2017)
  • Arthur Ashkin / Gérard Mourou / Donna Stricklandová (2018)
  • James Peebles / Michel Mayor / Didier Queloz (2019)
  • Roger Penrose / Reinhard Genzel / Andrea Ghezová (2020)
  • Syukuro Manabe / Klaus Hasselmann / Giorgio Parisi (2021)
  • Alain Aspect / John F. Clauser / Anton Zeilinger (2022)
  • Pierre Agostini / Ferenc Krausz / Anne L'Huillierová (2023)
  • John Hopfield / Geoffrey Hinton (2024)
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