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Porodica sortaza
Porodica sortaza
	Sortaza C streptokoka grupe B povezana s pilusom. PDB pristup 3O0P
Identifikatori
Simbol	Sortaza

Sortaza se odnosi na skupinu prokariotskih enzima koji modificiraju površinske proteine, prepoznavanjem i cijepanjem karboksilnog terminala sortirajući signal. Za većinu supstrata enzima sortaze, signal prepoznavanja sastoji se od motiva LPXTG (Leu-Pro-bilo koji-Thr-Gly), zatim visoko hidrofobnog transmembranske sekvence, nakon čega slijedi skupina baznih ostataka kao što je argininski. Do cijepanja dolazi između Thr i Gly, s prolaznim vezanjem preko Thr ostatka na Cys ostatak aktivnog mjesta, nakon čega slijedi transpeptidacija koja kovalentno veže protein na komponente ćelijskog zida. Sortaze se javljaju u gotovo svim Gram-pozitivnim bakterijama i povremenim Gram-negativnim bakterijama (npr. Shewanella putrefaciens) ili Archaea (npr. Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum), gdje dekoracija ćelijskog zida posredovana LPXTG-om nije prijavljena.^[2]^[3] Iako sortaza A, sortaza za "kućno održavanje", obično djeluje na mnoge proteinske mete, drugi oblici sortaze prepoznaju varijante oblika motiva cijepanja ili kataliziraju sklapanje pilina u pilusima.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Reakcija

Sortaza Staphylococcus aureus je transpeptidaza koja veže površinske proteine na ćelijski zid; cijepa se između Gly i Thr motiva LPXTG i katalizira stvaranje amidne veze između karboksilne skupine treonina i amino skupine peptidoglikana ćelijskog zida.^[7]^[8]

Biološka uloga

Proteini supstrata vezani sortazama za ćelijske zidove uključuju enzime, piline i glikoproteine velike površine koji posreduju adheziju. Ovi proteini često imaju važnu ulogu u virulenciji, infekcijama i kolonizaciji patogena.

Površinski proteini ne samo da podstiču interakciju između invazivnog patogena i životinjskih tkiva, već također pružaju genijalne strategije za bijeg bakterija od imunskog odgovora domaćina. U slučaju S. aureus, protein A, imunoglobulini se hvataju na površini mikroba i kamufliraju bakterije tokom invazije tkiva domaćina. S. aureus mutanti kojima nedostaje gen srtA ne uspijevaju se usidriti i prikazati neke površinske proteine te im je smanjena sposobnost izazivanja infekcija kod životinja. Sortaza djeluje na površinske proteine koji se iniciraju u put sekrecije (Sec) i čiji signalni peptid uklanja signalna peptidaza. S. aureus genom kodira dva skupa gena sortaze i gena za lučenje. Zamislivo je da S. aureus razvio je više od jednog puta za transport 20 površinskih proteina do ovojnice ćelijskog zida.

Treba imati na umu da su egzosortaza i arheosortaza funkcionalno analogne, iako ni na koji način nisu homologne sortazi.^[9]

Kao cilj antibiotika

Smatra se da su sortaze dobre mete za nove antibiotike ^[10] budući da su važni proteini za patogene bakterije i barem jedna kompanija zabilježila je ograničeni komercijalni interes.^[11]

Struktura

Ova skupina cistein-peptidaza pripada porodici MEROPS peptidaza C60 (klan C-) i uključuje članove nekoliko potporodica sortaza.

Druga potporodica sortaza (C60B u MEROPS) sadrži proteine bakterijske sortaze B koji su dugi po oko 200 ostataka.^[12]

Upotreba u strukturnoj biologiji

Transpeptidaznu aktivnost sortaze koriste strukturni biolozi za proizvodnju fuzijskih proteina in vitro. Motiv prepoznavanja (LPXTG) dodaje se na C-kraj proteina od interesa, dok se motiv oligo-glicina dodaje na N-terminal drugog proteina koji se vezuje. Nakon dodavanja sortaze u proteinsku smjesu, dva peptida su kovalentno vezana putem nativne peptidne veze. Ovu reakciju koriste NMR spektroskopisti za proizvodnju NMR nevidljivih oznaka topljivosti ^[13] and in one example by X-ray crystallographers to promote complex formation.^[14]

Također pogledajte

Reference

^ Cozzi R, Malito E, Nuccitelli A, D'Onofrio M, Martinelli M, Ferlenghi I, Grandi G, Telford JL, Maione D, Rinaudo CD (June 2011). "Structure analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of defined key residues and motives for pilus-related sortase C1 in group B Streptococcus". FASEB Journal. 25 (6): 1874–86. doi:10.1096/fj.10-174797. hdl:11562/349253. PMID 21357525. S2CID 28182632.
^ Mazmanian SK, Ton-That H, Schneewind O (June 2001). "Sortase-catalysed anchoring of surface proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus". Molecular Microbiology. 40 (5): 1049–57. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.513.4509. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02411.x. PMID 11401711. S2CID 34467346.
^ Pallen MJ, Chaudhuri RR, Henderson IR (October 2003). "Genomic analysis of secretion systems". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 6 (5): 519–27. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.005. PMID 14572546.
^ Oh SY, Budzik JM, Schneewind O (September 2008). "Sortases make pili from three ingredients". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (37): 13703–4. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513703O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807334105. PMC 2544515. PMID 18784365.
^ LeMieux J, Woody S, Camilli A (September 2008). "Roles of the sortases of Streptococcus pneumoniae in assembly of the RlrA pilus". Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (17): 6002–13. doi:10.1128/JB.00379-08. PMC 2519520. PMID 18606733.
^ Kang HJ, Coulibaly F, Proft T, Baker EN (January 2011). Hofmann A (ured.). "Crystal structure of Spy0129, a Streptococcus pyogenes class B sortase involved in pilus assembly". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e15969. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...615969K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015969. PMC 3019223. PMID 21264317.
^ Mazmanian SK, Liu G, Ton-That H, Schneewind O (July 1999). "Staphylococcus aureus sortase, an enzyme that anchors surface proteins to the cell wall". Science. 285 (5428): 760–3. doi:10.1126/science.285.5428.760. PMID 10427003.
^ Cossart P, Jonquières R (May 2000). "Sortase, a universal target for therapeutic agents against gram-positive bacteria?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (10): 5013–5. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.5013C. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.10.5013. PMC 33977. PMID 10805759.
^ Haft DH, Payne SH, Selengut JD (January 2012). "Archaeosortases and exosortases are widely distributed systems linking membrane transit with posttranslational modification". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (1): 36–48. doi:10.1128/JB.06026-11. PMC 3256604. PMID 22037399.
^ Maresso AW, Schneewind O (March 2008). "Sortase as a target of anti-infective therapy". Pharmacological Reviews. 60 (1): 128–41. doi:10.1124/pr.107.07110. PMID 18321961. S2CID 358030.
^ SIGA Technologies (September 2006). "Schedule 14A". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Pristupljeno 29 October 2009.
^ Pallen MJ, Lam AC, Antonio M, Dunbar K (March 2001). "An embarrassment of sortases - a richness of substrates?". Trends in Microbiology. 9 (3): 97–102. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)01956-4. PMID 11239768.
^ Kobashigawa Y, Kumeta H, Ogura K, Inagaki F (March 2009). "Attachment of an NMR-invisible solubility enhancement tag using a sortase-mediated protein ligation method". Journal of Biomolecular NMR. 43 (3): 145–50. doi:10.1007/s10858-008-9296-5. PMID 19140010. S2CID 207183676.
^ Wang Y, Pascoe HG, Brautigam CA, He H, Zhang X (October 2013). "Structural basis for activation and non-canonical catalysis of the Rap GTPase activating protein domain of plexin". eLife. 2: e01279. doi:10.7554/eLife.01279. PMC 3787391. PMID 24137545.

Dopunska literatura

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Kang HJ, Paterson NG, Gaspar AH, Ton-That H, Baker EN (October 2009). "The Corynebacterium diphtheriae shaft pilin SpaA is built of tandem Ig-like modules with stabilizing isopeptide and disulfide bonds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (40): 16967–71. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616967K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0906826106. PMC 2761350. PMID 19805181.
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Fälker S, Nelson AL, Morfeldt E, Jonas K, Hultenby K, Ries J, Melefors O, Normark S, Henriques-Normark B (November 2008). "Sortase-mediated assembly and surface topology of adhesive pneumococcal pili". Molecular Microbiology. 70 (3): 595–607. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06396.x. PMC 2680257. PMID 18761697.
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Vanjski linkovi

Ovaj članak uključuje tekst iz javnog domena Pfam i InterPro: IPR005754

[1] Cozzi R, Malito E, Nuccitelli A, D'Onofrio M, Martinelli M, Ferlenghi I, Grandi G, Telford JL, Maione D, Rinaudo CD (June 2011). "Structure analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of defined key residues and motives for pilus-related sortase C1 in group B Streptococcus". FASEB Journal. 25 (6): 1874–86. doi:10.1096/fj.10-174797. hdl:11562/349253. PMID 21357525. S2CID 28182632.

[PUB00014494-2] Mazmanian SK, Ton-That H, Schneewind O (June 2001). "Sortase-catalysed anchoring of surface proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus". Molecular Microbiology. 40 (5): 1049–57. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.513.4509. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02411.x. PMID 11401711. S2CID 34467346.

[PUB00014495-3] Pallen MJ, Chaudhuri RR, Henderson IR (October 2003). "Genomic analysis of secretion systems". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 6 (5): 519–27. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.005. PMID 14572546.

[pmc2544515-4] Oh SY, Budzik JM, Schneewind O (September 2008). "Sortases make pili from three ingredients". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (37): 13703–4. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513703O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807334105. PMC 2544515. PMID 18784365.

[pmid18606733-5] LeMieux J, Woody S, Camilli A (September 2008). "Roles of the sortases of Streptococcus pneumoniae in assembly of the RlrA pilus". Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (17): 6002–13. doi:10.1128/JB.00379-08. PMC 2519520. PMID 18606733.

[pmid21264317-6] Kang HJ, Coulibaly F, Proft T, Baker EN (January 2011). Hofmann A (ured.). "Crystal structure of Spy0129, a Streptococcus pyogenes class B sortase involved in pilus assembly". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e15969. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...615969K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015969. PMC 3019223. PMID 21264317.

[pmid10427003-7] Mazmanian SK, Liu G, Ton-That H, Schneewind O (July 1999). "Staphylococcus aureus sortase, an enzyme that anchors surface proteins to the cell wall". Science. 285 (5428): 760–3. doi:10.1126/science.285.5428.760. PMID 10427003.

[pmid10805759-8] Cossart P, Jonquières R (May 2000). "Sortase, a universal target for therapeutic agents against gram-positive bacteria?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (10): 5013–5. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.5013C. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.10.5013. PMC 33977. PMID 10805759.

[pmid22037399-9] Haft DH, Payne SH, Selengut JD (January 2012). "Archaeosortases and exosortases are widely distributed systems linking membrane transit with posttranslational modification". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (1): 36–48. doi:10.1128/JB.06026-11. PMC 3256604. PMID 22037399.

[pmid18321961-10] Maresso AW, Schneewind O (March 2008). "Sortase as a target of anti-infective therapy". Pharmacological Reviews. 60 (1): 128–41. doi:10.1124/pr.107.07110. PMID 18321961. S2CID 358030.

[11] SIGA Technologies (September 2006). "Schedule 14A". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Pristupljeno 29 October 2009.

[pmid11239768-12] Pallen MJ, Lam AC, Antonio M, Dunbar K (March 2001). "An embarrassment of sortases - a richness of substrates?". Trends in Microbiology. 9 (3): 97–102. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)01956-4. PMID 11239768.

[13] Kobashigawa Y, Kumeta H, Ogura K, Inagaki F (March 2009). "Attachment of an NMR-invisible solubility enhancement tag using a sortase-mediated protein ligation method". Journal of Biomolecular NMR. 43 (3): 145–50. doi:10.1007/s10858-008-9296-5. PMID 19140010. S2CID 207183676.

[14] Wang Y, Pascoe HG, Brautigam CA, He H, Zhang X (October 2013). "Structural basis for activation and non-canonical catalysis of the Rap GTPase activating protein domain of plexin". eLife. 2: e01279. doi:10.7554/eLife.01279. PMC 3787391. PMID 24137545.

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