Blok periodnog sistema elemenata

Blokovi periodnog sistema elemenata

Blok periodnog sistema elemenata je grupa hemijskih elemenata čiji elektroni najvišeg nivoa popunjavaju isti tip atomske orbitale:

  • Elementi s-bloka
  • Elementi p-bloka
  • Elementi d-bloka
  • Elementi f-bloka

Periodni sistem

D-blok

d-blok periodnog sistema sadrži elemente koji najčešće imaju popunjene s-orbitale zadnjeg kvantnog nivoa (ns2), a djelomično popunjene d-orbitale predzadnjeg kvantnog nivoa ((n-1)d1-10) u neutralnom atomu ili nekom od iona. Elementi d-bloka se nazivaju i prelazni elementi, a u periodnom sistemu se nalaze od 3. do 11. grupe. Elementi 12. grupe periodnog sistema, cink, kadmij i živa imaju potpuno popunjene (n-1)d orbitale, pa prema tome ne spadaju u prelazne elemente. Prema IUPAC-u oni se svrstavaju u tzv. post-prelazne elemente. U prelazne elemente također spadaju lantan i aktinij, kao članovi 3. grupe, dok se lantanoidi i aktinoidi nazivaju elementima f-bloka.

F-blok

Elementi f-bloka ili unutrašnji prelazni elementi su elementi čiji elektroni najvišeg nivoa popunjavaju f atomske orbitale. Dijeli se u dvije serije: lantanoidi i aktinoidi. Većina ovih elemenata gradi ionske spojeve u kojima su prisutni kao trovalentni kation M3+.

P-blok

Elementi p-bloka su elementi koji u valentnoj ljusci, osim ns2 elektrona imaju i np1-6 elektrone. U p-elemente ne spadaju vodik i helij, jer su njihove elektronske konfiguracije 1s1 i 1s2.

Grupe p-bloka su:

Elementi p-bloka kao elementarne tvari mogu biti metali, polumetali i nemetali. Nastupaju u različitim oksidacionim stanjima gradeći ionske i kovalentne spojeve. Maksimalna oksidaciona stanja odgovaraju sumi valentnih s i p elektrona. Članovi parnih grupa (14. i 16.) grade stabilna parna oksidaciona stanja (ugljik(IV): CO2, silicij(IV): SiO2, olovo(IV): PbO2; ugljik(II): CO, kalaj(II): SnCl2, olovo(II): PbSO4) a članovi neparnih grupa (13., 15. i 17.) su stabilni u neparnim (aluminij(III): Al2O3; dušik(V): HNO3; hlor(VII): HClO4)

S-blok

Elementi s-bloka u periodnom sistemu elemenata čine alkalni metali, zemnoalkalni metali, vodik i helij. Kod ovih elemenata elektroni najvišeg energetskog nivoa pupunjavaju s atomsku orbitalu. Isključujući hidrogen i helij, svi elementi s-bloka lahko otpuštaju elektron dajući kation. Zbog toga su to jaka redukciona sredstva. Elektronska konfiguracija helija je izuzetno stabina, pa on pripada grupi plemenitih plinova.

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