Alfons XIII, kralj Španije

Alfons XIII
Kralj Španije
Vladavina17. maj 1886. - 14. april 1931.
PrethodnikAlfons XII
Nasljednikmonarhija ukinuta
sljedeći kralj: Huan Karlos
SupružnikViktorija Eugenija od Battenberga
DjecaAlfons, princ od Asturije
Jakov, vojvoda od Segovije
Beatricija, princeza od Civitele-Cesi
Ivan, grof od Barcelone
Gonzalo Španski
DinastijaBurbon
OtacAlfons XII
MajkaMarija Kristina Austrijska
Rođenje17. maj 1886.
Smrt28. februar 1941.

Alfons XIII (španski: Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena; 17. maj 1886 - 28. februar 1941) je bio kralj Španije od 1886. do 1931. godine. Pošto je bio kralj od rođenja, do 16. godine mu je regent bio njegova majka Marija Kristina Austrijska. U ovom periodu Španija je izgubila Karipske i Pacifičke kolonije tokom Špansko-američkog rata. Zbog porodičnih veza na obje strane, Alfons je proglasio Španiju neutralnom tokom Prvog svjetskog rata. Od 1923. do 1930. godine, Alfons je podržavao diktatora Miguela Primo de Riveru. Postavši izuzetno nepopularan, Alfons je napustio Španiju nakon proglašenja Druge Španske republike. U egzilu je upućivao zahtjeve za ponovnim uspostavljanjem kraljevine sve do svoje smrti 1941. godine.

Vladavina

Rođen je nakon smrti svoga oca, kralja Alfonsa XII, pa je odmah po rođenju postao kralj. Da se umjesto njega rodila djevojčica ili mrtvorođenče, kruna bi otišla njegovoj starijoj sestri Mercedes. Pošto je u trenutku ustoličnje bio tek novorođenče, njegova majka, austrijska nadvojvotkinja Marija Kristina, proglašena je regentom. Majka mu je bila porijeklom iz dinastije Habsburg, te je sa njene strane Alfons naslijedio blaži oblik deformiteta usne, poznatog kao "habsburška usna", nastalog dugim nizom incesta među Habsburgovcima.

Na svoj šesnaesti rođendan, dana 17. maja 1902. godine, Alfons je proglašen punoljetnim i spremnim za preuzimanje de facto vlasti. Njegov dolazak na vlast i polaganje zakletve obilježeno je proslavama širom Španije. [1]

Četiri godine po dolasku na tron oženio je princezu Viktoriju Eugeniju od Battenberga, unuku britanske kraljice Viktorije. Viktorija Eugenija, koja je od rođenja nosila prefiks Presvijetla Visost, mjesec dana pred vjenčanje dobila je prefiks Kraljevska Visost, kako njen brak sa španskim kraljem ne bi bio smatran neprimjerenim. Nedugo nakon ceremonije vjenčanja, na kralja i kraljicu atentat je pokušao izvršiti anarhist Mateu Morral. Bomba koju je bacio ozlijedila je mnoge posmatrače kraljevskog vjenčanja, ali ne i mladi kraljevski par. Sa kraljicom Viktorijom Eugenijom imao je sedmero djece, te sa dvije ljubavnice troje vanbračne djece.

Tokom njegove vladavine Španija je izgubila Kubu i Porto Riko, svoje posljednje kolonije u Americi, i Filipine. Početkom Drugog svjetskog rata, zahvaljujući porodičnim vezama kralja Alfonsa i njegove supruge, te podijeljenom mišljenju naroda, Španija je bila neutralna.

Alfons je podržavao razvoj turizma u Španiji i naredio izgradnju nekoliko poznatih luksuznih hotela tokom svoje vladavine. Bio je zaljubljenik u sport, pogotovo nogomet, te je podržavao nekoliko španskih "kraljevskih" klubova, među kojima je i Real Madrid.

12. aprila 1931. godine održani su izbori za Cortes na kojima su monarhistički kandidati izgubili u svim većim gradovima; u Barceloni (tada najvećemu gradu) i Madridu republikanci su odnijeli ogromnu većinu. Svoju pobjedu republikanci su slavili najavama uspostavljanja republike. Druga španska republika je proglašena 14. aprila 1931. godine i Alfonsova vladavina je završila.

Pri kraju Španskog građanskog rata Alfons je dao do znanja da daje prednost vojnom režimu pred vladom Narodnog Fronta, ali general Francisco Franco je izjavio kako ga nacionalisti nikad ne bi prihvatili za kralja, budući da su karlisti bili važan dio Francove vojske.

Alfons je prvo otišao u egzil u Francusku. Kasnije se preselio u fašističku Italiju, gdje je umro u Rimu 1941. godine, prepustivši nešto prije svoja nasljedna prava svom četvrtom, ali drugom tada živom sinu, Juanu Burbonskom, grofu od Barcelone, ocu budućeg kralja Juana Carlosa I.

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