Химична формула

Химичната формула е съкратен начин за изписване на състава и структурата на химичните вещества и съединения с помощта на различни химични знаци, цифри и други символи. Тя описва качествения и количествения състав на химичните вещества. Основната цел на химичната формула е да дава прост и ясен метод за обозначаване на съединенията.[1]

Видове

Поради разнообразните нужди на химията, се налага дефинирането на различни типове формули, всеки от които има своите особености и различни приложения.

Емпирична формула

Емпиричната формула на дадено съединение се образува чрез атомни символи с долни индекси цели числа, като така се получава най-простата форлмула, която показва само състава му. Подреждането на атомните символи е най-често по критерии, зависещи от вида на съединението.[1] При отсъствие на критерии, подреждането на символите е азбучно. Изключение правят въглеродните съединения, при които обикновено C е на първо и H на второ място.

BrClH3N2NaO2Pt
C10H10ClFe
NO2

Молекулна формула

При много съединения, емпиричната формула не дава адекватна представа за състава на веществото. В случаите, когато съответства, тя най-често се различава по подреждането на атомните символи. Когато състават на молекулата не може или не е желателно да бъде определен, се използва долен индекс n.

S8 S   S2Cl2 ClS
Sn S   H4P2O6 H2O3P
SF6 F6S   Hg2Cl2 ClHg

Структурна формула

Структураната формула дава частична или пълна информация за химичната структура на веществото в пространството. Те имат основно приложение за органични съединения, борани, координационни и органометални съединения.

Различни структурни формули
  • плоска двумерна
    плоска двумерна
  • съкратена двумерна
    съкратена двумерна
  • пълна триизмерна
    пълна триизмерна
  • непълна скелетна
    непълна скелетна
  • скелетна
    скелетна
  • с топков модел
    с топков модел

Източници

  1. ↑ а б G. Connelly, Neil, M. Hartshorn, Richard, Damhus, Ture. Номенклатура по неорганична химия. Препоръки на IUPAC за 2005. София, Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов“, 2009. ISBN 978-954-322-330-5. с. 45.

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