Калиев хидроксид

Калиев хидроксид
Калиева основа Калиева основа
Обща информация
Систематично име Калиев хидроксид
Други имена Калиева основа, калиев хидроокис
Молекулна формула KOH
SMILES
Моларна маса
Външен вид Безцветна течност
или бели кристали
CAS номер [1310-58-3]
Свойства
Плътност и фаза 2,044 g.cm−3, твърда
Разтворимост във вода 1100 g/L
В етанол, ацетон
В толуен, хексан
Във въглероден дисулфид 		Напълно разтворима
Напълно разтворима
Практически неразтворима
Точка на топене 360 °C
Точка на кипене 1320 °C
Киселинност (pKa)
Вискозитет
Диполен момент
Опасности
Основни опасности
Точка на възпламеняване незапалима
Допълнителни данни
Структура и
свойства 		n, εr, и др.
Термодинамични
данни 		Фазово поведение
Твърдо състояние, течност, газ
Спектрални данни УВ, ИЧ, ЯМР, МС
Сродни съединения
Сродни основи
Сродни съединения
Освен където е обявено друго, данните са дадени за
материали в стандартно състояние (при 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Права и справки

Калиевата основа е съединение получено при взаимодействието на метала калий с вода. Реакцията се изразява със следното молекулно уравнение:

2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2

Физични свойства

  • безцветни кристали, т.т. около 360 °C; безводна КОН – т. т. 380 °C;
  • разтворимост: в 0,9 части вода или 0,6 части кипяща вода; 3 части алкохол; 2,5 части глицерол. Когато се разтваря във вода или алкохол, или когато разтворът ѝ се обработва с киселина, се загрява силно (екзотермичен процес);
  • поглъща силно СО2 от въздуха и се превръща в калиев карбонат;
  • хигроскопична, водните разтвори имат силно алкална реакция.

Химични свойства

Във воден разтвор калиевата основа се дисоциира по следното уравнение:

KOH --> K+ + OH-

Тя е едновалентна основа.

При взаимодействие с хлор се получава калиев хлорид, калиев хипохлорит и вода:

2KOH + Cl2 --> KCl + KClO+ H2O

Взаимодейства със сулфати

2KOH + FeSO4 → K2SO4 + Fe(OH)2

Получаване и употреба

Получава се при електролиза на разтвор на калиев хлорид. Обикновено се получава като 50% разтвор и се използва за приготвяне на течни перилни препарати.

Използва се при производство на течни сапуни, мерсеризация на памук, производство на мастила, бои; в аналитичната химия, органичния синтез и т.н. Също е много използван и в земеделието.

Тази статия, свързана с неорганична химия, все още е мъниче. Помогнете на Уикипедия, като я редактирате и разширите.

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