Espaciu euclideu

Espaciu euclideu
geometric structure (en) Traducir
espaciu de Hilbert, variedá analítica, real vector space (en) Traducir, finite dimension vector space (en) Traducir, espaciu y variedad de Riemann (es) Traducir
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Un espaciu euclideu ye un espaciu vectorial normáu de dimensión finita en que la norma ye heredada d'un productu escalar.

L'espaciu euclideu ye'l espaciu matemáticu n-dimensional usual , una xeneralización de los espacios de 2 y 3 dimensiones estudiaos por Euclides. Formalmente, pa cada númberu enteru non negativu n, l'espaciu euclideu n-dimensional ye'l conxuntu ℝn (u con ℝ queremos dicir el conxuntu de los númberos reales) xunto cola función distancia obtenida per aciu de la siguiente definición de distancia ente dos puntos (x1, ..., xn) e (y1, ...,yn): la raíz cuadrada de Σ (xi-yi)², u la suma ye sobre i = 1, ..., n.

Esta función distancia ta basada nel teorema de Pitágoras y ye nomada métrica euclídea.

El términu "espaciu euclideu n-dimensional" ye usualmente abreviáu a "n-espaciu euclideu", o sólo "n-espaciu". El n-espaciu euclideu denotase por En, anque ℝn ye bastante usáu (sobreentendiendo la métrica). E2 dizse el planu euclideu.

Por definición, En ye un espaciu métricu, y ye por tanto tamién un espaciu topolóxicu; ye'l exemplu prototípicu d'una n-variedá, y ye una n-variedá diferenciable. Pa n ≠ 4, cualquier n-variedá diferenciable que seya homeomorfa a En ye tamién difeomorfa a ella. El fechu sorprendente ye qu'esto nun ye cierto tamién pa n = 4, lo que foi probao por Simon Donaldson nel añu1982; los contraexemplos nómense 4-espacios exóticos (o falsos).

Puede decise muncho sobre la topoloxía dEn.Un resultáu importante, la invariancia del dominiu de Brouwer, ye'l de que cualesquier subconxuntu dEn que sea homeomorfu a un subconxuntu abiertu dEn ye en sí mesmu abiertu. Como consecuencia inmediata desto se tien queEm nun ye homeomorfu a En si mn -- un resultáu intuitivamente "obviu" qu'ensin embargu nun ye fácil de demostrar.

El n-espaciu euclideu pue considerase tamién como un Espaciu vectorial n-dimensional real , de fechu un Espaciu de Hilbert, de mena natural. El productu interior, tamién nomáu productu puntu, de x = (x1,...,xn) e y = (y1,...,yn) ta dau por

Ver tamién

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