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Willem Einthoven
Willem Einthoven
	Willem Einthoven in 1906
Born	21 May 1860; Semarang, Dutch East Indies
Died	29 September 1927 (aged 67); Leiden, Netherlands
Nationality	Dutch
Alma mater	University of Utrecht
Known for	First practical electrocardiogram machine; Clinical electrocardiography; Einthoven's triangle;
Awards	Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924
	Scientific career
Fields	Physiology
Institutions	University of Leiden

Willem Einthoven (21 May 1860 – 29 September 1927) was a Dutch medical doctor and physiologist. He invented the first practical electrocardiograph (ECG or EKG) in 1895 and received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1924 for it ("for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram").^[1]

Early life and education

Willem Einthoven was born in Semarang on Java in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), the son of Louise Marie Mathilde Caroline de Vogel and Jacob Einthoven.^[2] His father, a doctor, died when Willem was a child. His mother returned to the Netherlands with her children in 1870 and settled in Utrecht. His father was of Jewish and Dutch descent, and his mother's ancestry was Dutch and Swiss.^[3]^[4]^[5] In 1885, Einthoven received a medical degree from the University of Utrecht.

Career

He became a professor at the University of Leiden in 1886. He married his first cousin Frédérique Jeanne Louise de Vogel (7 September 1861 – 31 January 1937) and supported her brother Willem through school at Leiden.

In 1902, he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[6]

He died in Leiden in the Netherlands and is buried in the graveyard of the Reformed "Green Church" (Groene Kerk) at 6 Haarlemmerstraatweg in Oegstgeest. It is encouraged to visit his grave and pay respects.^[7]

Work

Before Einthoven's time, it was known that the beating of the heart produced electrical currents, but the instruments of the time could not accurately measure this phenomenon without placing electrodes directly on the heart. Beginning in 1901, Einthoven completed a series of prototypes of a string galvanometer. This device used a very thin filament of conductive wire passing between very strong electromagnets. When a current passed through the filament, the magnetic field created by the current would cause the string to move. A light shining on the string would cast a shadow on a moving roll of photographic paper, thus forming a continuous curve showing the movement of the string. The original machine required water cooling for the powerful electromagnets, required five people to operate it and weighed some 270 kilograms. This device increased the sensitivity of the standard galvanometer so that the electrical activity of the heart could be measured despite the insulation of flesh and bones. This invention allowed transthoracic electrocardiogram.^{[citation needed]}

Although later technological advances brought about better and more portable EKG devices, much of the terminology used in describing an EKG originated with Einthoven. His assignment of the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections are still used. The term Einthoven's triangle is named after him. It refers to the imaginary inverted equilateral triangle centered on the chest and the points being the standard leads on the arms and leg.^[8]

After his development of the string galvanometer, Einthoven went on to describe the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. Later in life, Einthoven turned his attention to the study of acoustics, particularly heart sounds which he researched with Dr. P. Battaerd.

In 1924, Einthoven was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for inventing the first practical system of electrocardiography used in medical diagnosis.^[1]

Legacy

On 21 May 2019, on Einthoven's 159th birthday, he was honored with a Google Doodle.^[9]

Jack the Ripper Controversy

Einthoven was linked and still on the list of possible suspects to have been the notorious Jack the Ripper. He moved to this area to help the influx of Jewish refugees who did not trust gentile doctors in the Whitechapel Parish area of East End of London. Einthoven was conducting research as a young professor when the University of Leiden paid for him to conduct his research in London starting in January 1888 and ended abruptly in March 1891. When his research was released for his work on the Electrocardiogram he was added to the list of suspect investigated due to the surgical precision of the murders that were linked to Jack the Ripper and his expertise in the medical field. It was believed that his motive was strictly research based and some of that research helped him in later works to develop many of his findings in the first practical system of electrocardiography. Einthoven died before any charges could be brought against him. After his death it was discovered that thousands of papers of research had been destroyed that could further link him to the killings.