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Vakhtang IV
Vakhtang IV
	Relief of King Vakhtang IV
King of Georgia
Tenure	1442–1446
Predecessor	Alexander I
Successor	George VIII
Co-kings	Demetrius III (1442–1446); George VIII (1442–1446)
Born	1413
Died	December 1446
Burial	Bana Cathedral
Spouse	Sitikhatun Panaskerteli
Dynasty	Bagrationi
Father	Alexander I of Georgia
Mother	Dulandukht Orbelian
Religion	Georgian Orthodox Church
Khelrtva

Vakhtang IV (Georgian: ვახტანგ IV) (c. 1413 – December 1446), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king (mepe) of Georgia who reigned from 1433 to his death, associated to the throne of his father Alexander I from 1433 to the latter's abdication in 1442 and sharing the throne with his three brothers until his death.

As king, he only controlled parts of the kingdom and had to face a Turkoman invasion. His reign witnessed the beginning of the disintegration of Georgia into smaller states and the collapse of the Georgian realm.

Biography

Early life and co-king

Vakhtang was born around 1413, oldest son of King Alexander I of Georgia and his first wife, Queen Dulandukht Orbelian, a daughter of Prince Beshken II Orbelian. Little information exists on his life prior to his association to the throne.

Imitating the Byzantine system of governance and to avoid a potential crisis of succession, King Alexander I decided in 1433 to associate his four sons Vakhtang, Demetrius, George, and Zaal to the throne, with Vakhtang serving holding more powers as the oldest of the four.^[1] He was assigned the central Georgian province of Kartli to govern.^[2]

In 1439, he sent his own representative to the Council of Florence convened by Pope Eugene IV in his attempt to bring the weakened Eastern Churches under the dominion of the Catholic Church.^[3] British historian Donald Rayfield believed that his emissary played a political role, as more representation from the Kingdom of Georgia meant a balance on the representatives of Samtskhe and Samegrelo, two Georgian principalities seeking the recognition of their autonomy by Rome.^[3]

Main rule

Vakhtang's younger brother and co-king Zaal died in 1442. The same year, King Alexander I abdicated the throne to become a monk. Vakhtang IV was forced to accept his brothers George VIII and Demetrius III as co-monarchs, but was recognized as the main King of Georgia,^[2] being crowned by his fourth brother, Catholicos David III. Vakhtang IV took the traditional titles of Georgian monarchs: "King of Rans, Kakhetians, Svans, Greeks, Armenians, Mingrelians, Kartvelians, Jiks and Alans, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah, King of Kings of Imereti and Amiereti, of the East, of the North, and of all Christendom."

The territory under his direct control is not clear. According to Vakhushti of Kartli and Marie-Félicité Brosset, he kept control of Kartli and the kingdom's capital, Tbilisi.^[2] However, Catholicos Anton II, who wrote in the 18th century, listed King Vakhtang IV's domains as mainly principalities of Western Georgia: Abkhazia, Jiketi, Samegrelo, Guria and Imereti. Prince David Bagrationi, who would write later in the 19th century, added Ossetia to his domains, even though Anton II listed the latter as part of Demetrius III's territories. According to both, Kartli was under the governorship of Demetrius III.^[2]

Upon acceding the throne, he married Princess Sitikhatun Panaskerteli in a union arranged by his father. She was a daughter of Prince Zaal Panaskerteli-Tsitsishvili, but died just two years later in 1444, childless. Vakhtang IV would never remarry.^[4]

In 1444, Jahan Shah, Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu, attempted a new invasion of Georgia.^[5] King Vakhtang met him in Akhaltsikhe, where the Georgians and Turkomans fought in a bloody battle that ended without a clear victor. At night, Jahan Shah and his troops left Georgia and returned to Tabriz, putting an end to the Turkoman incursion.^[6]

His short reign of four years was marked by a domestic failure to decrease the influence of the powerful nobility. He thus failed to reduce the powers of the great noble Taqa Panaskerteli and was forced to appoint him mouravi.^[5] Following the death of Prince Ivane III of Samtskhe in 1444, he appointed the latter's son Qvarqvare II as atabeg of the region, but this decision led to a civil war in Samtskhe between Qvarqvare II and his uncle Aghbugha, the latter coming out victorious.^[7]

In December 1446, Vakhtang IV died. He was buried at the Bana cathedral, at the side of Queen Sitikhatun. Without an heir, the kingdom fell into a conflict of succession: Demetrius III, the older of the remaining brothers, fell into civil strife in Imereti, while George VIII took over Kartli and Kakheti, probably per the wish of King Vakhtang IV himself.^[5]

Family

In 1442, King Vakhtang IV married Princess Sitikhatun Panaskerteli, daughter of Prince Zaza Panaskherteli-Tsitsishvili, lord of Khevdureti and Kareli. She would die in 1444 with no issue.

Bibliography

Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1849). Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle. Volume I [History of Georgia from Ancient Times to the 19th Century, Volume 1] (in French). Saint-Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.
Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2.
Toumanoff, Cyril (1949). The Fifteenth-Century Bagratids and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia.