For example, simply typed lambda calculus can be seen as a language with a single non-basic type constructor—the function type constructor. Product types can generally be considered "built-in" in typed lambda calculi via currying.
Abstractly, a type constructor is an n-ary type operator taking as argument zero or more types, and returning another type. Making use of currying, n-ary type operators can be (re)written as a sequence of applications of unary type operators. Therefore, we can view the type operators as a simply typed lambda calculus, which has only one basic type, usually denoted , and pronounced "type", which is the type of all types in the underlying language, which are now called proper types in order to distinguish them from the types of the type operators in their own calculus, which are called kinds.
Type operators may bind type variables. For example, giving the structure of the simply-typed λ-calculus at the type level requires binding, or higher-order, type operators. These binding type operators correspond to the 2nd axis of the λ-cube, and type theories such as the simply-typed λ-calculus with type operators, λω. Combining type operators with the polymorphic λ-calculus (System F) yields System Fω.
Some functional programming languages make explicit use of type constructors. A notable example is Haskell, in which all data type declarations are considered to declare type constructors, and basic types (or nullary type constructors) are called type constants.[1][2] Type constructors may also be considered as parametric polymorphic data types.
