The Brownies

A Palmer Cox Brownie from *Brownies Around the World* (1894)

The Brownies is a series of publications by Canadian illustrator and author Palmer Cox, based on names and elements from English traditional mythology and Scottish stories told to Cox by his grandmother. Illustrations with verse aimed at children, The Brownies was published in magazines and books during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The Brownie characters became famous in their day, and they were the first North American comic characters to be internationally merchandised.^[1]

Characters and story

Brownies are little fairy- or goblin-like creatures who appear at night and make mischief and do helpful tasks. As published by Palmer Cox, they were based on Scottish folktales.^[2]

Publication history

1895 sheet music. Typically of unauthorized merchandising of the era, the appearance of the *Brownies* characters is similar to but slightly different from Cox's drawings.

The first appearances of Brownie characters in a print publication took place in 1879, but not until the February 1881 issue of Wide Awake magazine were the creatures printed in their final form.^[4] The first proper story, The Brownies' Ride, appeared in the February 1883 issue of the children's periodical St. Nicholas Magazine.^[5]

Published in 1899, The Brownies Abroad is considered the first Brownie comic strip, though it was mostly a text comic. It didn't utilise speech balloons until the publication The Brownie Clown of Brownie Town of 1908.^[6] From 1903, The Brownies appeared as a newspaper Sunday strip for several years.^[4]

The first compilation, The Brownies, Their Book, was published in 1887, followed by 16 books in the series until the last in 1918. Palmer Cox died in 1924.

Merchandising

Beyond print publication, The Brownies was at least twice adapted to stage plays.^[4] With the rise in popularity of the Brownie characters, these were used in many venues of merchandising, such as games, blocks, cards, dolls, calendars, advertisements, package labels, mugs, plates, flags, soda pop, a slot machine, a bagatelle game and so forth. George Eastman applied the brand name in promotion of Kodak's "Brownie Camera", but Palmer Cox reportedly never received any money from Kodak for the commercial use of his work.^[7]^[8]

Sources

The Brownies list of publications

Footnotes

^ Wood, Carrie (2020). "The Platinum Age: The American Comic Book 1883-1938". In Overstreet, Robert (ed.). The Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide (50 ed.). Gemstone Publishing. p. 325. ISBN 9781603602518.
^ Yoon, Clara. "The Brownies: A Cartoon and Commercial Craze". PBS: Antique Roadshow. PBS. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ Cox, Palmer. "Brownies at Home - Twelve Vignettes" (c. 1893). Department of Prints and Drawings, ID: NGA 56973. Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art. 1979.20.25.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Brownies (1881) at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018.
^ Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. "The Brownies".
^ Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. "Brownies comic strips".
^ Lambiek Comiclopedia. "Palmer Cox".
^ Morgan, Wayne. "Palmer Cox, the Brownie Craze, and the Brownie Camera".

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Brownies.

Main books

Cox, Palmer. The Brownies, Their Book. New York: The Century Co., 1887.
Cox, Palmer. Another Brownie Book. New York: The Century Co., 1890.
Cox, Palmer. The Brownies at Home. New York-London: D. Appleton-Century Company Incorporated, [1893] 1936.
Cox, Palmer. The Brownies Around the World. New York-London: D. Appleton-Century Company Incorporated, [1894] 1937.
Cox, Palmer. The Brownies Through the Union. New York: The Century Co., 1895.
Cox, Palmer. The Brownies Abroad. New York: The Century Co., 1899.
Judd, Mary C. The Palmer Cox Brownie Primer. Pictures by Palmer Cox. New York: The Century Co., [1906] 1921.
Cox, Palmer. The Brownies Many More Nights. New York: The Century Co., 1913.
Cox, Palmer. The Brownies and Prince Florimel. New York: The Century Co., 1918.

Other

"The Brownies at School" from The Brownies: Their Book The Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature
Palmer Cox and The Eastman Kodak Brownie camera

Eastman Kodak

Subsidiaries

Cameras

Digital

DC series	DC215 DC3200
DCS NF/EF DSLR	100 300 series 400 series D2000 D6000 DCS 1 DCS 3 Pro 14n Pro SLR/c Pro SLR/n
EasyShare	C1013 C300 C330 C340 C613 C813 CX4200 CX4230 DX4530 DX6440 DX6490 DX7590 P880 V570
Others	Pixpro Z612 Zoom Digital Camera Z712 IS ZOOM digital camera

Movie

Ciné-Kodak
Ciné-Kodak Special
- Lenses: S-mount

Rangefinder

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Color reversal	Ektachrome Kodachrome
Color print	Eastmancolor Ektar Kodacolor (filmmaking) Kodacolor (still photography) Portra
B&W	High-Speed Infrared T-MAX Tri-X Technical Pan

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