Taishanese people (Chinese: 台山人, Taishanese: Hoi San Ngin), Sze Yup people (Chinese: 四邑人, Taishanese: Hlei Yip Ngin), or Toisanese[1] are a Yue-speaking Han Chinese group coming from Sze Yup (四邑), which consisted of the four county-level cities of Taishan, Kaiping, Xinhui and Enping. Heshan has since been added to this historic region and the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen administers all five of these county-level cities, which are sometimes informally called Ng Yap. The ancestors of Taishanese people are said to have arrived from central China under a thousand years ago and migrated into Guangdong during the Tang Dynasty. Taishanese, as a dialect of Yue Chinese, has linguistically preserved many characteristics of Middle Chinese.
The Taishanese are part of the Yue Chinese family and have an identity that distinguishes themselves from the dominant Cantonese people. Among the Han Chinese, Taishanese are a source for many famous international Chinese celebrities and have produced the largest numbers of Chinese actors and singers of any region in mainland China. Despite their small population, Taishanese people have also produced a number of famous academics and historical figures. Sze Yup or Jiangmen is considered the home of Chinese Academicians, a title gifted by the world's largest research institution, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The total of academicians is 31 people, a city with over 20 is considered extremely rare in China.[2]
Among Asian Americans, Taishanese are influential in politics and were the first Americans of Asian descent to be elected as governors (for example Gary Locke), mayors and congressmen. The Taishanese were the first Chinese people to settle in America and the Taishanese language was the original lingua franca of Chinatowns. Taishanese as the lingua franca was later replaced with Cantonese after being overwhelmed by immigration from Guangzhou and its satellite cities when the Chinese Exclusion Act was fully repealed under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Taishanese American laundrymen and shopkeepers were a primary source of funding that helped launch Dr. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities while he was in exile and raising money from overseas countrymen.[3]
Language and identity
Taishanese is a Yue Chinese language that is distinguished from Standard Cantonese but non-specialists often use "Cantonese" in a broader sense for the entire Yue subgroup of Chinese rather than specifically the language of Guangzhou. Cantonese speakers often find Taishanese difficult to understand and have an average intelligibility of only 30%. This is also true for other Yue Chinese variants such as the Goulou dialects.[4][5]
Unlike most varieties of Chinese, Cantonese has de facto official status in Hong Kong and Macau and has an independent tradition of the written vernacular. Taishanese, who make up one-third of the population of Hong Kong, may identify themselves with Cantonese instead of Taishanese. Since Hong Kong culture is heavily Cantonese-influenced and is a Cantonese-speaking society, Taishanese and other Han Chinese who are Hong Kong-born and raised, assimilate into the Cantonese identity of Hong Kong. Many Hong Kong activists are of Taishanese ancestry such as the late Szeto Wah who was a politician of the pan-democracy camp and sang democratic Cantonese songs with other activists to promote democracy in China.
Culturally, Taishanese people are similar to other Yue Chinese peoples. Today, many Sze Yup people have become successful in many areas such as the entertainment industry, business and politics. Hong Kongers of Sze Yup ancestry include: Andy Lau, Beyond (band), Danny Chan, Kenny Kwan, Joey Yung, Ronnie Chan, John Tsang, Andrew Li and many others. The Father of Hong Kong Cinema, Lai Man-Wai also has ancestry from the Sze Yup region of province. As a result, Sze Yup people have dominated in the entertainment industry and play most major roles in the music and movie sectors. In many films, Taishanese can be heard, especially in many of Karl Maka's films such as Merry Christmas and Aces Go Places.
It is said that over a hundred famous people come from the Sze Yup region of Guangdong Province, making the region famous for producing more stars than any other city/region in mainland China. As a result, the local government in Jiangmen which administers the Sze Yup or Ng Yap cities of Taishan, Kaiping, Enping, Xinhui, and Heshan, decided to build a Stars Park called Jiangmen star park (江门星光园).[6]
Taishan county is famous for being the Birthplace of China's volleyball, that was brought to Taishan by Overseas Chinese and the city won many provincial and national championships. Taishanese are well known for their love for Volleyball and being China's champions.[7] Premier Zhou En-Lai once stated, "Taishan is Half of the Country's (China) System."
Architecture
In 2007, UNESCO named the KaipingDiaolou and Villages (开平碉楼与村落) in China as a World Heritage Site. UNESCO wrote, "...the Diaolou … display a complex and flamboyant fusion of Eastern and Western structural and decorative forms. They reflect the significant role of émigré Kaiping people in the development of several countries in South Asia, Australasia, and North America, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the close links between overseas Kaiping and their ancestral homes. The property inscribed here consists of four groups of Diaolou, totaling some 1,800 tower houses in their village settings." Today, approximately 1,833 diaolou remain standing in Kaiping and approximately 500 in Taishan. Although the diaolou served mainly as protection against forays by bandits, a few of them also served as living quarters. Kaiping has traditionally been a region of major emigration abroad and a melting pot of ideas and trends brought back from Overseas Chinese. As a result, many diaolou incorporate architectural features from China and from the West. Tong Laus which are mixed-used buildings where the ground floor is reserved for commercial use and the top floors for residential are also prominent in the region, as are traditional Lingnan architecture aesthetics which are commonly found throughout Guangdong Province.
Famous overseas Taishanese businessmen includes Loke Yew, the richest man of Malaysia in his time and who made significant impact in the growth of Kuala Lumpur and was one of founder fathers of Victoria institution. Jack Yan who founded his company Lucire, is a magazine publisher in New Zealand and he also owns a software firm that created over 100 typeface designs himself for the firm and inspired other local typeface designers such as Kris Sowersby to pursue careers in that industry. Norman Kwong who is the lieutenant governor of Alberta, is also president and manager of Calgary Stampeders a Canadian football league.
Academics
Sze Yup or Jiangmen is considered the home of Chinese Academician town: The total of academicians, the highest academic title in China given by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is 31 people.[2] Some of the more well-known academics are:
Wu Lien-teh – First Han Chinese and Malaysian Chinese to be nominated for a Nobel prize in physiology or Medicine
Because the history of going abroad is long and there are many people sojourning widely in various districts, Taishan is called the "No.1 Homeland of Overseas Chinese".[8] The Taishanese diaspora is distributed in 91 countries and regions of the five continents including US, Canada, Hong Kong, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Malaysia, Singapore, and Australia.
Taishanese have had a large influence in the course of Asian-American history, as they were the first Asian Americans to be elected as Governors, Mayors and U.S congressmen in the continental United States. The first international celebrity of Asian descent and America's first ace in World War II. They also represented the largest Asian community in America and made a significant contribution in building the First transcontinental railroad of United States. The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) is the former name of the railroad network built between California and Utah that formed part of the "First Transcontinental Railroad" in North America. About 12,000 such emigrant workers were employed as laborers by the Central Pacific Railroad representing 90 percent of the entire work force.[9] J. O. Wilder, a Central Pacific-Southern Pacific employee, commented that “The Chinese were as steady, hard-working a set of men as could be found. With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6, the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen. A single Irish foreman with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel; of these, 12 to 15 worked on the heading and the rest on the bottom removing material. When a gang was small or the men needed elsewhere, the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going.”[9] The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day, while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each, managing the laborers.[10]
Feng Ru (Enping, Guangdong) – father of Chinese aviation
Liang Sicheng (Xinhui, Guangdong) – father of modern Chinese architecture
Hu Die (Heshan, Guangdong) – empress of Chinese cinema
Chen Yunchang (Taishan, Guangdong) – Shanghainese actress and the "3rd Empress of Chinese Film" (连获三届"中国电影皇后") who starred some popular movies including "Mulan Joins the Army" in 1939.
Lee Ya-Ching (Enping, Guangdong) – China's first lady of flight
Dai AiLian (Xinhui, Guangdong) – mother of Chinese dance ("中国舞蹈之母").
Lily Leung (Xinhui, Guangdong) – Hong Kong's first TV Actress
Lau Kar-leung (Xinhui, Guangdong), China – Hong Kong–based Chinese actor, filmmaker, choreographer and martial artist.
Shawn Yue (Taishan, Guangdong) – Hong Kong actor, singer and former model
Joey Yung (Xinhui, Guangdong) – Cantopop singer and actress from Hong Kong
Andy Lau (Xinhui, Guangdong) – Hong Kong Cantopop singer, film actor and producer; one of the Four Heavenly Kings of Cantopop (四大天王)
Tony Leung Chiu-Wai (Taishan, Guangdong) – Hong Kong film and television actor
Danny Chan (Taishan, Guangdong) – Hong Kong actor, singer and songwriter; his hometown is Sijiu, Taishan.
Hung Sin-nui (Kaiping, Guangdong) – Cantonese opera master and movie actress in China and Hong Kong
Kenny Kwan (Kaiping, Guangdong) – Hong Kong actor and singer; former member of Hong Kong boy band Boy'z
Gillian Chung (Xinhui, Guangdong) – Hong Kong actress and singer; a member of Hong Kong music group Twins
Beyond (band) (Taishan, Guangdong) – Hong Kong rock band; all of its band members have Taishanese ancestry.
Karl Maka (Taishan, Guangdong) – Hong Kong producer, director, actor and presenter; his hometown is Chonglou, Taishan.
Donnie Yen (Taishan, Guangdong) – Hong Kong martial artist, actor, film director, action choreographer and film producer
Alfred Cheung (Kaiping, Guangdong) – Chinese actor, director, writer and producer
Tiffany Lam (Xinhui, Guangdong) – former Hong Kong TVB actress; winner of the 2002 Miss Hong Kong pageant and runner-up at the 2003 Miss Chinese International pageant.
Justin Lo (Kaiping, Guangdong) – American singer-songwriter, actor and record producer working in Hong Kong.
George Lam (Xinhui, Guangdong) – Hong Kong–based Cantopop singer and actor
Gigi Lai (Xinhui, Guangdong) – Hong Kong actress and singer.
Adam Cheng (Taishan, Guangdong) – Hong Kong TVB actor and Cantopop singer; husband of Lydia Shum (肥肥)
Joyce Cheng (Taishan, Guangdong) – Hong Kong musician, writer, actor and performer. She is the daughter of famous Hong Kong comedian Lydia Shum and veteran actor Adam Cheng.
Annie Wu Suk-ching (Taishan, Guangdong) – Hong Kong–based Chinese businesswoman and activist who founded Beijing Air Catering Ltd, the first joint venture company in the People's Republic of China; she is the daughter of Dr. James Tak Wu.
Artists
Alan Chin – San Francisco Bay Area contemporary artist
Tyrus Wong – painter, muralist, ceramicist, lithographer, designer and kite maker
James Hong – former president of the Association of Asian/Pacific American Artists (AAPAA)
Wing-tsit Chan – scholar of Chinese philosophy and religion, active in the United States.
Maxine Hong Kingston – Chinese American author known for writing The Woman Warrior and other books in the genre of Chinese American literature. Her parents were from Xinhui, Guangdong.
Liu Junxian – Mathematician, director of China Mathematical Society.
Historical
Liang Qichao – scholar, journalist, philosopher and reformist and was called Mind of Modern China
Kang Youwei – prominent politician and Leader Gongche Shangshu movement who influenced Guangxu Emperor and Chinese politicians
Tang Shaoyi – first prime minister of the Republic of China
Wu Tingfang – first ethnic Chinese barrister, diplomat and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs
Loke Yew the richest man of Malaysia in his time and made significant impact in the growth of Kuala Lumpur, and was one of founder fathers of Victoria institution.
Anna May Wong – the first Asian and Chinese American to become international movie star and the first Asian-American to be minted in U.S. Currency.
Gary Locke – the first person of Chinese American/Asian descent to become a governor within the continental United States. He was also the first known person of Chinese heritage to serve as the Commerce Secretary of the US.
Judy Chu She is the first Chinese American woman ever elected to the U.S. Congress. Chu was reelected in the 2010 United States midterm elections, defeating Republican challenger Edward "Ed" Schmerling.
Michael Woo He served as the first Asian American on the Los Angeles City Council from 1985 to 1993. Woo chaired the Citywide Planning commission, until 1993 when he became the first Asian American to run for the mayor of a major city.
Szeto Wah – He is the first Chinese and first person from Asia to have received a Homo Homini Award. He is regarded as one of the most influential Hong Kong politicians of pan-democracy movement and is respected by many pro-democracy citizens from China and Hong Kong.
Alexander Yee – calculated World Record digits of Pi.
Chen Baisha – One of China most famous Confucian scholars, poets, and calligraphers, during the Ming Dynasty
Chan Heung – Is one of the martial arts legend of China and founder of the Choy Li Fut that became one of China's most popular fighting system.
Jeong Yim – He is Chan Heung best student, and is recognized as an important contributor to the expansion of Choy Li Fut. His life is filled with heroism, myths, stories and legends and was a significant influential character in the novels of anti-Qing organizations.
Kwan Tak-hing – Is In total he made over 130 films. No one else in cinema history has portrayed the same person as many times he did.
Fernando Cheung – a HK politician the vice-chairman of the Labour Party, was also a physician and head of an Asian rights organization in San Francisco.
Wu Chaoshu – became Foreign Affairs Minister and served as Minister to the United States from 1928 to 1931,
Wen Tsung-yao – Deputy president of Tibet, and a Politician and diplomat of Qing.
Mei Quong Tart – A prominent businessman, activist and philanthropist who had a significant impact against anti-Chinese sentiment in Australia
Evan Low – the youngest Asian American mayor in the United States.
Leland Yee – California State Senator. In 2004 Yee became the first Asian American to be appointed Speaker pro Tempore.
Margaret Chin – New York City-based American politician. A Democrat, she was elected to the New York City Council (First elected to this position) on November 3, 2009, to represent District 1 in Lower Manhattan.
Bill Lann Lee – United States Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, Clinton Administration.
Wong Kim Ark – defendant in United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898).
Fernando Cheung a HK politician the vice-chairman of the Labour Party, was also a physician and head of an Asian rights organization in San Francisco.
Patrick Yu – Hong Kong lawyer and Crown Counsel, and founder of its first law school.
Inky Mark – is a Canadian politician and a former member of the Canadian House of Commons and is also a member of the Conservative Party of Canada.
Yu Hung-Chun – Political figure who served as premier of the Republic of China on Taiwan between 1954 and 1958.
Wu Shih-wen – was the Minister of National Defense of the Republic of China in 2000–2002.
Art Lee – Lee was elected to the Canadian House of Commons as a candidate of the Liberal Party of Canada to represent the electoral district of Vancouver East. From 1984 to 1987, he served as the leader of the British Columbia Liberal Party.
Liang Xiang – representative in the fifth, sixth, and seventh National People's Congresses.
Delbert E. Wong – was the first Chinese American judge in the continental United States.
Delbert Gee – is a retired Superior Court Judge in Alameda County for the State of California in the United States of America. His father was Taishanese and his mother was Shanghainese.
Adrienne Clarkson is Chinese of Irish and Portuguese descent – Born to a Taishanese father and Hakka mother, she is the Honourable as a former Governor General of Canada,
Others
Leung Ying – mass murderer that killed 7 Taishanese Wong family members.
^Kantowicz, Edward R. (June 2, 1999). The Rage of Nations. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 52. ISBN9780802844552 – via Internet Archive. sun yat sen laundrymen.
^Cantonese speakers have been shown to understand only about 30% of what they hear in Taishanese. (Szeto, Cecilia (2000). "Testing intelligibility among Sinitic dialects"(PDF). Proceedings of ALS2K, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society: 4. Retrieved September 6, 2008.)
^Ma, Laurence J. C.; Cartier, Carolyn L. (2003). The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility, and Identity. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-0-7425-1756-1.
^Another transliteration of 余灼 (Pinyin: Yu Zhuo) is Yu Chuek (Editors' note, p. 125, Chin Gee Hee, "Letter Asking for Support to Build the Sunning Railroad" (1911), p. 125–128 in Judy Yung, Gordon H. Chang, and Him Mark Lai (compilers and editors), Chinese American Voices, University of California Press (2006). ISBN0-520-24310-2.)
^Don T. Nakanishi and Tina Yamano Nishida, The Asian American Educational Experience: A Source Book for Teachers and Students, Routledge (1995). ISBN0-415-90872-8. p. 55.
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