Sugar mills in Fiji

Sugar cane grew wild in Fiji and was used as thatch by the Fijians for their houses (bures). The first attempt to make sugar in Fiji was on Wakaya Island in 1862 but this was a financial failure. With the cotton boom of the 1860s there was little incentive to plant a crop that required high capital outlay but after a slump in cotton prices in 1870, the planters turned to sugar. In an effort to promote the production of sugar in Fiji, the Cakobau Government, in December 1871, offered a 500-pound reward for the first and best crop of twenty of sugar from canes planted before January 1873.

History

The first cane sugar mill in Fiji was built in 1872 by Brewster and Joske near to the present site of the Government Buildings in the capital city of Suva.^[1] By the end of 1874, there were four mills in operation, six by the end of 1875 and ten by the end of 1878. Most of these mills crushed for only a few years and only a few survived the crash in sugar price of 1884. The surviving mills were Navua Sugar Mill, Panang Mill, Holmshurst (Taveuni) and the Rewa Sugar Company (Koronivia).

The arrival of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company led to the establishment of Commercially viable sugar mills. In 1880, John Bates Thurston went to Australia seeking investment for Fiji and persuaded the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) to extend its operations to Fiji. The first mill built by the CSR was the Nausori Sugar Mill on the banks of the Rewa River and began crushing in the 1882 crushing season. In 1883, construction began for its second mill in Ba, the Rarawai Mill. Another mill was built at Viria, also on the Rewa River, and crushed from 1886 to 1895. It was closed because it was too small to be viable. In 1890, the Labasa Mill was erected from a dismantled mill in Queensland.

By 1926 all other sugar mills had closed down and the CSR owned the five existing mills in Fiji of which Nausori mill closed down in 1959.

List of sugar mills

Suva Sugar Mill - 1872^[2] to 1875^{[citation needed]}
Selia Levu Estate (Taveuni) - 1874 to 1890^[3]
Penang (Rakiraki) Sugar Mill - from 1878 to 2016.
Nausori Sugar Mill - 1882 to 1959^[2]
Rarawai (Ba) Sugar Mill - from 1886^[2]
Tamanua (Navua) Sugar Mill - 1884 to 1923^[4]
Koronivia Sugar Mill - from 1884 (a mill was moved to this location by the Rewa Sugar Co. Ltd, previously known as Rewa Plantation Co. Ltd)^[4]
Holmshurst (Taveuni) Sugar Mill - 1882^{[citation needed]} to 1896^[4]
Viria Sugar Mill - 1886 to 1895^[4]
Labasa Sugar Mill - from 1894^[2]
Lautoka Sugar Mill - from 1903^[2]
Namara Sugar Mill - from 2015^{[citation needed]}
Matanisivana Sugar Mill - from 1992^{[citation needed]}

List of sugar cane railways

Labasa Mill Tramway, 1894 to 1982
Rarawai–Kavanagasau Light Railway, from 1914

Bibliography

Gillion, K. L. (1962). Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 69–79.

References

^ Fiji Times: A history of Fiji, Kim Gravelle, Fiji Times, Suva, Fiji, 1979, ISBN 982-214-001-0
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ali, Rasheed A.; Narayan, Jai P. (1989). "The Fiji Sugar Industry: a brief history and overview of its structure and operations" (PDF). Pacific Economic Bulletin. 4 (2). Asia Pacific Press, Australian National University. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
^ Dyer, Peter; Hodge, Peter (1988). Cane Train: The Sugar-cane Railways of Fiji. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. ISBN 0-908573-50-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Moynagh, Michael (1981). Brown or white? a history of the Fiji sugar industry, 1873-1973 (PDF). Canberra. ISBN 0-908160-87-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Sugar as food commodity

List of sugars and sugar products

Chemistry

Monosaccharide
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Glucose
- Xylose
Disaccharide
- Lactose
- Maltose
- Sucrose
- Trehalose
Added sugar
Reducing sugar

Sources

Products

Syrups	List of syrups Agave syrup Barley malt syrup Brown rice syrup Cheong Maesil-cheong Mogwa-cheong Yuja-cheong Corn syrup High-fructose High-maltose Glucose syrup Golden syrup Honey Inverted sugar syrup Kuromitsu Maple syrup Mizuame Molasses Pine honey Steen's cane syrup Table syrup Treacle Yacón syrup
Solid forms	Brown Peen tong Candi sugar Chancaca Crystalline fructose Gelling Gula melaka Jaggery Misri Molasses sugar Muscovado Nib Non-centrifugal cane sugar Panela Plantation Reserve Powdered Preserving Sucanat Sugar candy Barley sugar Butterscotch Candy Hard Rock candy Toffee Sugar glass Sugarloaf Wasanbon White
Other forms	Caramel Cotton candy floss Maple sugar foods Rum Sugar alcohol Sugar confectionery Sugarcane juice Tuzemák Unrefined sweeteners

Industry

Production

By region

Current	Australia Bundaberg Sugar CSR Wilmar Sugar Cuba Caribbean Kenya India Mauritius Philippines Rwanda Sri Lanka South Africa Illovo Sugar Tongaat Hulett Tanzania Uganda United Kingdom British Sugar Tate & Lyle United States Sugar Association U.S. Sugar Program
Historical	Danish West Indies Fiji Hawaii

History

Culture

Research

Robert Lustig
John Yudkin
- Pure, White and Deadly (1972)

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