Apollo 15 makes contact with the Pacific Ocean.Locations of Atlantic Ocean splashdowns of American spacecraft prior to the 21st centuryLocations of Pacific Ocean splashdowns of American spacecraft
Splashdown is the method of landing a spacecraft in a body of water, usually by parachute. The method has been used primarily by American crewed capsules including NASA’s Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and Orion along with the private SpaceX Dragon. It is also possible for the Russian Soyuz and the Chinese Shenzhou crewed capsules to land in water, though this is only a contingency.
As the name suggests, the capsule parachutes into an ocean or other large body of water. The properties of water cushion the spacecraft enough that there is no need for a braking rocket to slow the final descent as is the case with Russian and Chinese crewed space capsules or airbags as is the case with the Boeing Starliner crewed space capsule.
The American practice came in part because American launch sites are on the coastline and launch primarily over water.[1] Russian launch sites are far inland and most early launch aborts were likely to descend on land.[citation needed]
The splashdown method of landing was used for Mercury, Gemini and Apollo (including Skylab, which used Apollo capsules). Soyuz 23 unintentionally landed on a freezing lake with slushy patches of ice during a snowstorm.[2][3]
On early Mercury flights, a helicopter attached a cable to the capsule, lifted it from the water and delivered it to a nearby ship. This was changed after the sinking of Liberty Bell 7. All later Mercury, Gemini and Apollo capsules had a flotation collar (similar to a rubber life raft) attached to the spacecraft to increase their buoyancy. The spacecraft would then be brought alongside a ship and lifted onto deck by crane.
After the flotation collar is attached, a hatch on the spacecraft is usually opened. At that time, some astronauts decide to be hoisted aboard a helicopter for a ride to the recovery ship and some decided to stay with the spacecraft and be lifted aboard ship via crane. All Gemini and Apollo flights (Apollos 7 to 17) used the former, while Mercury missions from Mercury 6 to Mercury 9, as well as all Skylab missions and Apollo-Soyuz used the latter, especially the Skylab flights as to preserve all medical data. During the Gemini and Apollo programs, NASA used MV Retriever for the astronauts to practice water egress.
Apollo 11 was America's first Moon landing mission and marked the first time that humans walked on the surface of another planetary body. The possibility of the astronauts bringing "Moon germs" back to Earth was remote, but not impossible. To contain any possible contaminants at the scene of the splashdown, the astronauts donned special Biological Isolation Garments and the outside of the suits were scrubbed prior to the astronauts being hoisted aboard USS Hornet and escorted safely inside a Mobile Quarantine Facility.[4]
The splashdown of the SpaceX CRS-25 resupply mission
Both the SpaceX Dragon 1 and Dragon 2 capsules were designed to use the splashdown method of landing. The original cargo Dragon splashed down in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Baja California. At the request of NASA, both the crew and cargo variations of the Dragon 2 capsule splashes down off the coast of Florida, either in the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico.[5][6]
The early design concept for the Orion Spacecraft (then known as the Crew Exploration Vehicle) featured recovery on land using a combination of parachutes and airbags, although it was also designed to make a contingency splashdown (only for an in-flight abort) if needed. Due to weight considerations, the airbag design concept was dropped. The present design concept features landings via splashdown in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California.[7]
Disadvantages
The most dangerous aspect is the possibility of the spacecraft flooding and sinking. For example, when the hatch of Gus Grissom's Liberty Bell 7 capsule blew prematurely, the capsule sank and Grissom almost drowned.
Since the spacecraft's flooding will occur from a location in its hull where it ruptures first, it is important to determine the location on the hull that experiences the highest loading.[8] This location along the impacting side is determined by the surrounding `air cushion' layer, which deforms the water surface before the moment of impact, and results in a non-trivial geometry of the liquid surface during first touch-down.[9][10][11]
If the capsule comes down far from any recovery forces, the crew are exposed to greater danger. As an example, Scott Carpenter in Aurora 7 overshot the assigned landing zone by 400 kilometers (250 mi). These recovery operation mishaps can be mitigated by placing several vessels on standby in several different locations, but this is quite an expensive option.
^Jain, U.; et al. (2021). "Air entrapment and its effect on pressure impulses in the slamming of a flat disc on water". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 938 (4): A31. arXiv:2012.10137. doi:10.1017/jfm.2021.846.
^Jain, U.; et al. (2021). "Air-cushioning effect and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability before the slamming of a disk on water". Physical Review Fluids. 6 (4): L042001. arXiv:2106.09551. doi:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.L042001.
Ezell, Linda Neumann (1988), NASA Historical Data Book(PDF), vol. II Programs and Projects 1958 - 1968 (NASA SP-4012), archived(PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022
Ezell, Linda Neumann (1988), NASA Historical Data Book(PDF), vol. III - Programs and Projects 1969 - 1978 (SP-4012), archived(PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022
Syllabic script used for writing Mycenaean Greek linear b redirects here. For the JavaScript engine, see linear b (script engine). Not to be confused with Linear Pottery culture. Linear BScript type Syllabary with additional ideogramsTime periodc. 1400 BC – 1200 BCStatusExtinctDirectionleft-to-right LanguagesMycenaean GreekRelated scriptsParent systemsLinear ALinear BSister systemsCypro-Minoan syllabaryISO 15924ISO 15924Linb (401), Linear BUnicodeUnicode aliasLinear BUnico...
Unterodenthal Gemeinde Odenthal Koordinaten: 51° 2′ N, 7° 7′ O51.0384247.11079154Koordinaten: 51° 2′ 18″ N, 7° 6′ 39″ O Höhe: 154 m ü. NN Postleitzahl: 51519 Vorwahlen: 02202, 02174 Unterodenthal (Odenthal) Lage von Unterodenthal in Odenthal Unterodenthal ist eine Gemarkung mit der Nummer 4951 in der Gemeinde Odenthal im Rheinisch-Bergischen Kreis. Sie setzt sich aus acht einzelnen Fluren zusammen.[1] I...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (سبتمبر 2017) معهد ماكس بلانك للكيمياء الفيزيائية الحيويةMax-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie (بالأل�...
Este artigo não cita fontes confiáveis. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Agosto de 2020) Capa do famoso Catecismo de Heidelberga O chamado Catecismo de Heidelberga (em alemão: Heidelberger Katechismus), é um documento confessional protestante que se apresenta em forma de perguntas e respostas, utilizadas nas igrejas reformadas hol...
Dried latex obtained from the opium poppy For other uses, see Opium (disambiguation). OpiumOpium poppy seed pod exuding latex from a cutSource plant(s)Papaver somniferumPart(s) of plantLatex capsule seedsGeographic originUncertain, possibly Asia Minor,[1] or Spain, southern France and northwestern Africa[2]Active ingredients Morphine codeine noscapine papaverine thebaine Main producers Afghanistan Myanmar Colombia Laos Mexico India Pakistan Thailand Turkey China Australia Main...
Augustin Buzura Augustin Buzura (Romanian pronunciation: [awɡusˈtin buˈzura]; September 22, 1938 – July 10, 2017) was a Romanian novelist and short story writer, also known as a journalist, essayist and literary critic. A member of the Romanian Academy, he has been the president of the Romanian Cultural Foundation since 1990 and president of the Romanian Cultural Institute between 2003 and 2004. Biography Born in Berinţa village, Copalnic-Mănăștur commune (Maramureș County),...
Japanese actor (born 1932) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Kenji Sahara – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template mes...
Angle the planets make to each other in the horoscope This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Astrological aspect – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Astrological aspects are illustrated in the center of this natal chart....
Soccer clubKitsap Soccer ClubFull nameKitsap Soccer ClubNickname(s)PumasFounded2009; 14 years ago (2009)Dissolved2018; 5 years ago (2018)StadiumGordon Field, Kitsap County FairgroundsBremerton, WashingtonCapacity1,5002018 (NPSL)3rd, Northwest ConferencePlayoffs: DNQ Home colors Away colors Kitsap SC Pumas was an American soccer team based in Bremerton, Washington, United States.[1] The team played in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the fo...
1913 Los Angeles mayoral election ← 1911 May 6, 1913 (1913-05-06) and June 3, 1913 (1913-06-03) 1915 → Candidate Henry H. Rose John W. Shenk Job Harriman First round 22,04228.01% 35,39544.98% 20,50826.06% Runoff 46,04554.72% 38,10945.29% Eliminated Mayor before election George Alexander Elected Mayor Henry H. Rose Elections in California Federal government U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900...
1954 novel by C. P. Snow The New Men First editionAuthorC. P. SnowCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishSeriesStrangers and BrothersPublisherMacmillan PublishersPublication date1954Media typePrint (Hardcover and Paperback)Preceded byThe Masters Followed byHomecomings The New Men is the sixth novel in C. P. Snow's series Strangers and Brothers. Plot synopsis Lewis Eliot, his brother Martin, and Cambridge fellow, Walter Luke become involved with the scientific community ...
Bilateral relationsAngolan–Namibian relations Angola Namibia Angolan–Namibian relations relate to the relations between the governments of the Republic of Angola and the Republic of Namibia. Background Pre-independence era in Namibia Long before Namibian independence, the country's ruling party, the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO), had a unique relationship with Angola. SWAPO and its militant wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) had emerged during the 1960...
Venezuelan baseball player (born 1989) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rojas and the second or maternal family name is Naidenoff. Baseball player Miguel RojasRojas with the Miami Marlins in 2020Los Angeles Dodgers – No. 11ShortstopBorn: (1989-02-24) February 24, 1989 (age 35)Los Teques, Miranda, VenezuelaBats: RightThrows: RightMLB debutJune 6, 2014, for the Los Angeles DodgersMLB statistics (through July 5, 2024)Batting average.259Home ru...
Joseph SteplingDate personaleNăscut29 iunie 1716[1][2] Regensburg, Sfântul Imperiu Roman[1] Decedat11 iulie 1778 (62 de ani)[1][2] Praga, Regatul Boemiei[1][2][3] ReligieBiserica Catolică[4] Ocupațieastronomscriitorfizicianpreot catolic[*] Limbi vorbitelimba germană ActivitateInstituțieUniversitatea Carolină Modifică date / text Joseph Stepling (n. 29 iunie 1716, Regensburg, Sfântul Imperiu...
Den här artikeln behöver källhänvisningar för att kunna verifieras. (2023-08) Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (gärna som fotnoter). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan ifrågasättas och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på diskussionssidan. Changeling - The Dreaming är ett rollspel som publicerats av företaget White Wolf, till rollspelsvärlden World of Darkness. Spelet fokuserar mycket på äventyr, men även politik och moral. Handling I spelet tar man ...
History of Christianityin the British Isles General Anglican Communion Catholic Church in England and Wales Calendar of saints(Church of England) Religion in Ireland Religion in Scotland Celtic Christianity Religion in Wales Early Christianity in Roman Britain Legend of Christ in Britain Medieval Early Christian Ireland 400–800 Christianity in Medieval Scotland Anglo-Saxon Christianity Celtic Rite Hiberno-Scottish mission Early Modern Dissolution of the monasteries Welsh Bible Scottish Ref...
NUTS (francuski: Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques = „Nomenklatura prostornih jedinica za statistiku“) je hijerarhijski sustav za identifikaciju i klasifikaciju prostornih jedinica za potrebe službene statistike u zemljama članicama Europske unije. Ovaj sustav je 1980. godine razvio Europski ured za statistiku u Luksemburgu, s ciljem uspoređivanja regija unutar Europe. Ove teritorijalne jedinice su definirane čisto za statističke svrhe, te ne tvore nužno službene ...
Danau Shala, di Lembah Tebing Afrika Timur Danau soda atau danau alkalin adalah sebuah danau dengan kandungan alkalin yang sangat tinggi, biasanya dengan nilai pH antara 9 dan 12. Danau tersebut memiliki kandungan garam karbonat yang tinggi, biasanya karbonat sodium (dan unsur garam terkait), membuat danau tersebut mengalami peningkatan kandungan alkalin.[1] Referensi ^ Grant, W. D. (2006). Alkaline environments and biodiversity. in Extremophiles, 2006, UNESCO / Eolss Publishers, Oxfo...
.jpg)
.jpg)
_-_Day_3_(KSC-20230727-PH_KAA02-0017).jpg)
