Space advertising is the practice of advertising in space. This has usually been done with product placements during crewed space missions.
Space advertising falls into two categories: obtrusive and non-obtrusive.
Since the Space Race and the dissolution of the Soviet Union[3], space-based advertising has been explored as a non-militarized use for space. Since then, several attempts at space advertising have occurred, such as Elon Musk’s SpaceX launch of a Tesla car into orbit.[4][5]
One major advantage that space advertising has over other Earth-bound methods is the scale of its reach. Millions of people across multiple countries can be exposed to an advertisement orbiting Earth. However, relatively high start-up costs have prevented this from becoming a common mode of advertisement.[6][7]
In the past, attempts at orbital spaceflight have been discouraged due to the high cost (millions of USD per launch).[8] Public space exploration authorities have also been reluctant to cater to advertisers. For example, NASA's restrictive policy on its employees' endorsing of products required astronauts to refer to M&M's as "candy-coated chocolates."[9][10]
Due to the high cost of orbital launches as well as associated maintenance costs, there have not been many successful advertising projects. For context, SpaceX's base fares for sending objects into space are highly costly, starting at $67 million.[11][12]
Some successful attempts include the following:
Although the number of attempts at space advertising is small, there have been several failed attempts to send advertising into space by companies and organizations around the world.
Some failed attempts include:
Different countries have varying advertising regulation levels. As advertisements that orbit the Earth, effectively operating across country borders, obtrusive space advertisements must necessarily grapple with these regulatory differences. For instance, the EU prohibits advertisers from airing tobacco or alcohol-related advertisements. Ireland also outlaws advertisements that undermine public authority. Regulatory differences may make it more challenging for obtrusive space advertisements to remain legal across multiple jurisdictions.[1]
Beyond content-based regulations, consumers in countries like the United States have the right to opt out of receiving ads. It is unclear whether or not a consumer can effectively opt out of receiving space-based advertisements (e.g., by closing one's blinds).[1]
The property rights are another legal concern. Due to the bright lighting of space-based ads, non-consenting property owners may raise legal challenges, arguing that the ads constitute a nuisance and violate their legally held rights.[1]
The International Astronomical Union argues that artificial satellites built out of reflective material adversely impact astronomical observations.[29] A paper that was presented to the United Nations stated that "scattered light from sunlit spacecraft and space debris, and radio noise from communications satellites and global positioning systems in space, reach the entire surface of the Earth”.[30] Obtrusive space advertisements that are comparable to the brightness of the moon have the potential to make the observation of faint, distant objects impossible from the earth's surface.
Space objects that have surpassed their functional use period and are not equipped with de-orbiting technology are considered space debrisThis can lead to collisions with other space objects, which can contribute to a cascading increase in space debris[31] known as the Kessler syndrome. Increasing amounts of space debris can make space exploration and utilization of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) more difficult.[32][33]
Space advertisers could face penalties if the advertisements are considered to eventually become space debris. Because objects in orbit can remain in orbit for long periods of time, it is possible that the object remains in orbit longer than the advertising entity still exists. If approved, obtrusive space advertisers can expect to comply with end-of-life de-orbiting and anti-collision measures.[33]
While space advertising is a relatively new concept, it is subject to some international treaties and national policies, either specifically on space advertising or space commercial activities.
Advertising in outer space or space flight has been featured in several science fiction books, films, video games, and television series. They are usually shown as a satire of commercialization.
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وكالة أعماق الإخباريةوكالة أعماق الإخباريةشعار وكالة أعماق الإخباريةمعلومات عامةالتأسيس 14 أغسطس 2014النوع إخبارية، حربية، حكومية، سياسيةالمقر الرئيسي تنظيم الدولة الإسلاميةالمنظومة الاقتصاديةالصناعة إعلام حربي، إعلام إخباري، إعلام سياسيالمنتجات وكالة أنباءأهم الشخصي
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