Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999

Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999
Totality from France
Map
Type of eclipse
NatureTotal
Gamma0.5062
Magnitude1.0286
Maximum eclipse
Duration143 s (2 min 23 s)
LocationOcnele Mari, Vâlcea County, Romania
Coordinates45°06′N 24°18′E / 45.1°N 24.3°E / 45.1; 24.3
Max. width of band112 km (70 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse11:04:09
References
Saros145 (21 of 77)
Catalog # (SE5000)9506

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Wednesday, August 11, 1999,[1] with a magnitude of 1.0286. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the sun for a viewer on earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon’s apparent diameter is larger than the Sun’s, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into night. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth’s surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 3.5 days after perigee (on August 8, 1999, at 0:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[2]

It was the first total eclipse visible from Europe since July 22, 1990, and the first visible in the United Kingdom since June 29, 1927.

The path of the Moon's shadow began in the Atlantic Ocean and was later traversing the southern United Kingdom, northern France, Belgium, Luxembourg, southern Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, and northern FR Yugoslavia (Vojvodina). The eclipse's maximum was at 11:03 UTC at 45°06′N 24°18′E / 45.1°N 24.3°E / 45.1; 24.3 in Romania[3][4][5] and it continued across Bulgaria, the Black Sea, Turkey, the northeastern tip of Syria, northern Iraq, Iran, southern Pakistan and Srikakulam in India and ended in the Bay of Bengal. A partial eclipse was visible for parts of eastern Canada, Greenland, Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, and China.

Observations

The eclipse as seen from France
Map
Interactive map of the path of the Umbral Shadow

Because of the high population densities in areas of the path, this was one of the most-viewed total solar eclipses in human history;[6] although some areas in the path of totality (mainly in Western Europe) offered impaired visibility due to adverse weather conditions.

Some of the organized eclipse-watching parties along the path of totality set up video projectors on which people could watch the moon's shadow as it raced towards them.[7] There was substantial coverage on international TV stations of the progress of the eclipse shadow. The moon's shadow was also observed from the Russian Mir space station; during the eclipse, video from Mir was broadcast live on television.

  • The BBC concentrated its coverage efforts on the first landfall of the shadow across the western end of Cornwall (from St Ives to Lizard), which was packed with an extraordinary number of visitors, although Cornwall did not have nearly as many spectators as expected leading many organised events to host smaller audiences than anticipated. The veteran amateur astronomer, broadcaster and eclipse-watcher Patrick Moore was brought in to head a live programme, but the eclipse was clouded out. BBC One also produced a special version of their Balloon Idents for the event. The BBC did not have a presence at Goonhilly on the Lizard Peninsula, one of the few places in Cornwall where the clouds parted just in time for the total eclipse to be visible. There was extensive cloud in Perranporth which parted just in time, allowing the very large crowd that had filled the beach and hillsides to witness the event.
  • Some of the best viewing conditions were to be had mid-Channel, where ferries were halted in calm conditions to obtain an excellent view. Hundreds of people who gathered on the island of Alderney also experienced the event.
  • Also at sea, many of the Fastnet fleet contestants encountered totality crossing the Celtic Sea on their way to the Fastnet Rock.[8]
  • A gathering of several thousand people at the airport in Soissons, France, which was on the path of totality, were denied all but a few fleeting glimpses of the eclipse through the overcast sky. The clouds cleared completely just a few minutes after the eclipse.
  • In contrast, the overcast sky in Amiens, France, where thousands had gathered, cleared only minutes before the eclipse began.
  • Further inland, viewing conditions were also perfect at Vouziers, a French country town gridlocked by Belgian cars from day-visitors. The patchy cloud covering cleared a short time before the shadow arrived. Some photos from Vouziers were used on the subsequent BBC Sky at Night programme.
  • The San Francisco Exploratorium featured a live webcast from a crowded town square in Amasya, Turkey.
  • Doordarshan, the national TV channel in India, broadcast live coverage from Srikakulam, hosted by TV personality Mona Bhattacharya.
  • A Bulgarian Air Force MiG-21 two-seater was used by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences to study the solar corona. The MiG-21, flying at 1600–1700 km/h (1000 to 1100 mph) (Mach 1.4-1.5) at an altitude of 13,000 metres (43,000 feet), was able to stay in the moon's umbra for 6 minutes. The photographer, an air force pilot, used two film cameras, both fitted with 200 mm lenses and infrared filters, and one Digital8 video camera.
  • Hungary's most popular tourist destination, Lake Balaton and its surrounding area, fell into the path of the eclipse entirely, which made the area even more popular for the day. The motorway leading to the city was so crowded that many people had to watch the eclipse while caught in a traffic jam.
  • One French and two British Concordes briefly followed the eclipse with tourists on board.[9]
  • The BBC was filming one of its episodes for the TV series Airport that day and, during the show, resident press officers Russell Clisby and Steve Meller took photographs of the eclipse at Heathrow Airport, as well as Aeroflot supervisor Jeremy Spake witnessing the eclipse on a special charter flight.
  • RTS, the national public broadcaster of Serbia, urged people to remain inside, citing dangers to public health. This caused the streets of all Serbian cities, towns and villages to be entirely deserted during the eclipse (97% of Serbs stayed inside), with many opting to watch it on TV instead.[10]
  • The BMJ, a month after the eclipse, reported only 14 cases of eye damage from improper viewing of the eclipse - a number lower than initially feared. In one of the most serious cases the patient had looked at the sun without eye protection for twenty minutes, but overall the public health campaign had succeeded.[11]

Notable times and coordinates

Animated path
Special 2,000 lei note made for the 1999 total eclipse of the Sun, showing the eclipse path over the map of Romania
Event Time (UTC) Coordinates[12]
1st penumbral contact with Earth's surface (P1) 08:26:17
1st external umbral contact (U1) 09:29:55 41°2.0′N 65°5.4′W / 41.0333°N 65.0900°W / 41.0333; -65.0900
2nd internal umbral contact (U2) 09:30:53 43°0.1′N 57°55.8′W / 43.0017°N 57.9300°W / 43.0017; -57.9300
Greatest eclipse 11:03:07 45°4.8′N 24°17.3′E / 45.0800°N 24.2883°E / 45.0800; 24.2883[13]
3rd internal umbral contact (U3) 12:35:33 19°39.7′N 80°20.4′E / 19.6617°N 80.3400°E / 19.6617; 80.3400
4th external umbral contact (U4) 12:36:26 17°33.5′N 87°17.1′E / 17.5583°N 87.2850°E / 17.5583; 87.2850
4th penumbral contact with Earth's surface (P4) 13:40:08

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[14]

August 11, 1999 Solar Eclipse Times
Event Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact 1999 August 11 at 08:27:19.0 UTC
First Umbral External Contact 1999 August 11 at 09:30:56.5 UTC
First Central Line 1999 August 11 at 09:31:25.4 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact 1999 August 11 at 09:31:54.4 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction 1999 August 11 at 10:52:16.8 UTC
Greatest Duration 1999 August 11 at 11:00:37.9 UTC
Greatest Eclipse 1999 August 11 at 11:04:09.1 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction 1999 August 11 at 11:09:33.8 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact 1999 August 11 at 12:36:35.5 UTC
Last Central Line 1999 August 11 at 12:37:01.7 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact 1999 August 11 at 12:37:27.9 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact 1999 August 11 at 13:41:10.3 UTC
August 11, 1999 Solar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 1.02860
Eclipse Obscuration 1.05802
Gamma 0.50623
Sun Right Ascension 09h23m08.3s
Sun Declination +15°19'39.7"
Sun Semi-Diameter 15'46.8"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.7"
Moon Right Ascension 09h23m34.5s
Moon Declination +15°48'38.5"
Moon Semi-Diameter 16'00.3"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 0°58'44.3"
ΔT 63.7 s

Eclipse season

See also: Eclipse cycle

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of July–August 1999
July 28
Descending node (full moon)
 August 11
Ascending node (new moon)
Partial lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 119		 Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 145

Eclipses in 1999

Metonic

Tzolkinex

Half-Saros

Tritos

Solar Saros 145

Inex

Triad

Solar eclipses of 1997–2000

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[15]

The partial solar eclipses on July 1, 2000 and December 25, 2000 occur in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1997 to 2000
Descending node   Ascending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
120

Totality in Chita, Russia 		March 9, 1997

Total 		0.9183 125 September 2, 1997

Partial 		−1.0352
130

Totality near Guadeloupe 		February 26, 1998

Total 		0.2391 135 August 22, 1998

Annular 		−0.2644
140 February 16, 1999

Annular 		−0.4726 145

Totality in France 		August 11, 1999

Total 		0.5062
150 February 5, 2000

Partial 		−1.2233 155 July 31, 2000

Partial 		1.2166

Saros 145

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 145, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 77 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4, 1639. It contains an annular eclipse on June 6, 1891; a hybrid eclipse on June 17, 1909; and total eclipses from June 29, 1927 through September 9, 2648. The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17, 3009. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of annularity was produced by member 15 at 6 seconds (by default) on June 6, 1891, and the longest duration of totality will be produced by member 50 at 7 minutes, 12 seconds on June 25, 2522. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit.[16]

Series members 10–32 occur between 1801 and 2200:
10 11 12

April 13, 1801
April 24, 1819
May 4, 1837
13 14 15

May 16, 1855
May 26, 1873
June 6, 1891
16 17 18

June 17, 1909
June 29, 1927
July 9, 1945
19 20 21

July 20, 1963
July 31, 1981
August 11, 1999
22 23 24

August 21, 2017
September 2, 2035
September 12, 2053
25 26 27

September 23, 2071
October 4, 2089
October 16, 2107
28 29 30

October 26, 2125
November 7, 2143
November 17, 2161
31 32

November 28, 2179
December 9, 2197

Metonic series

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.

22 eclipse events between January 5, 1935 and August 11, 2018
January 4–5 October 23–24 August 10–12 May 30–31 March 18–19
111 113 115 117 119

January 5, 1935
August 12, 1942
May 30, 1946
March 18, 1950
121 123 125 127 129

January 5, 1954
October 23, 1957
August 11, 1961
May 30, 1965
March 18, 1969
131 133 135 137 139

January 4, 1973
October 23, 1976
August 10, 1980
May 30, 1984
March 18, 1988
141 143 145 147 149

January 4, 1992
October 24, 1995
August 11, 1999
May 31, 2003
March 19, 2007
151 153 155

January 4, 2011
October 23, 2014
August 11, 2018

Tritos series

This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200

February 21, 1803
(Saros 127)
January 21, 1814
(Saros 128)
December 20, 1824
(Saros 129)
November 20, 1835
(Saros 130)
October 20, 1846
(Saros 131)

September 18, 1857
(Saros 132)
August 18, 1868
(Saros 133)
July 19, 1879
(Saros 134)
June 17, 1890
(Saros 135)
May 18, 1901
(Saros 136)

April 17, 1912
(Saros 137)
March 17, 1923
(Saros 138)
February 14, 1934
(Saros 139)
January 14, 1945
(Saros 140)
December 14, 1955
(Saros 141)

November 12, 1966
(Saros 142)
October 12, 1977
(Saros 143)
September 11, 1988
(Saros 144)
August 11, 1999
(Saros 145)
July 11, 2010
(Saros 146)

June 10, 2021
(Saros 147)
May 9, 2032
(Saros 148)
April 9, 2043
(Saros 149)
March 9, 2054
(Saros 150)
February 5, 2065
(Saros 151)

January 6, 2076
(Saros 152)
December 6, 2086
(Saros 153)
November 4, 2097
(Saros 154)
October 5, 2108
(Saros 155)
September 5, 2119
(Saros 156)

August 4, 2130
(Saros 157)
July 3, 2141
(Saros 158)
June 3, 2152
(Saros 159)
April 1, 2174
(Saros 161)

Inex series

This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200

December 9, 1825
(Saros 139)
November 20, 1854
(Saros 140)
October 30, 1883
(Saros 141)

October 10, 1912
(Saros 142)
September 21, 1941
(Saros 143)
August 31, 1970
(Saros 144)

August 11, 1999
(Saros 145)
July 22, 2028
(Saros 146)
July 1, 2057
(Saros 147)

June 11, 2086
(Saros 148)
May 24, 2115
(Saros 149)
May 3, 2144
(Saros 150)

April 12, 2173
(Saros 151)
  • Sleeping Sun (1999), by the Finnish band Nightwish
  • Les Terriens (2000), French documentary directed by Ariane Doublet
  • Les Ensoleillés (2002), compilation of around twenty short stories based on the 1999 eclipse, written by Joël Egloff

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "August 11, 1999 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  2. ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  3. ^ Stavinschi, M., National Seminar" The total solar Eclipse of August, 11, 1999. Interdisciplinary approach, Bucharest, October 15, 1998 in: Romanian Astron. J., vol.8, N.2, p.146 (1998)
  4. ^ Scientific session " Eclipsa 99", Romanian Astronomical Journal, vol.9, N.1, p.103 (1999)
  5. ^ Stavinschi, M., The maximum of the last eclipse of the Millenium was in Romania, Romanian Astronomical Journal, , vol.9, N.2, p.109- 114, 1999
  6. ^ "Solar show in sky or on the Internet". 10 August 1999.
  7. ^ "ISMB 99". Bioinf.mpi-sb.mpg.de. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  8. ^ "Boats warned of freak winds during eclipse". Guardian. 7 June 1999. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015.
  9. ^ Hatherill, Chris (9 March 2016). "When Astronomers Chased a Total Eclipse in a Concorde". Vice. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  10. ^ Janković, Vladimir (July 2010). "Atmosfear: Slobodan Milošević versus 1999 Solar Eclipse". Centre for the History of Science, Technology of Medicine.
  11. ^ Dobson, Roger (1999-08-21). "UK hospitals assess eye damage after solar eclipse". The BMJ. 319 (7208): 469. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7208.469. PMC 1116382. PMID 10454393.
  12. ^ "Eclipse2017 - Total Solar Eclipse 2017". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
  13. ^ "Eclipse2017 - Total Solar Eclipse 2017". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
  14. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1999 Aug 11". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  15. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  16. ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 145". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.

References

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PonornytsiaGéographiePays  UkraineOblast oblast de TchernihivRaïon Raïon de Novhorod-SiverskyïCoordonnées 51° 43′ 11″ N, 32° 51′ 00″ EFonctionnementStatut Localité urbaine en UkraineIdentifiantsCode postal 16220modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Ponornytsia (ukrainien : Понорниця, russe : Понорница) est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Tchernihiv, en Ukraine. Elle compte 1 961 habitants en ...

Historiography of the Battle of France

Diagram of the Maginot Line The historiography of the Battle of France describes how the German victory over French and British forces in the Battle of France had been explained by historians and others.[a] Many people in 1940 found the fall of France unexpected and earth shaking. Alexander notes that Belgium and the Netherlands fell to the German army in a matter of days and the British were soon driven back to the British Isles, But it was France's downfall that stunned the watchin...

 

 

Protoconch

Embryonic or larval shell of some molluscs This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Protoconch – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An SEM image of the trochophore of Haliotis asinina 11 hours post fertilization, with calcified proto...