Siege of Halicarnassus

Siege of Halicarnassus
Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great

The siege and capture of Halicarnassus under Alexander the Great
Date334 BC
Location
Halicarnassus
(modern-day Bodrum, Turkey)
37°02′00″N 27°26′00″E / 37.0333°N 27.4333°E / 37.0333; 27.4333
Result Macedonian victory[1][2][3][4]
Territorial
changes		 Alexander captures Caria
Belligerents
Macedonia
Hellenic League		 Achaemenid Empire
Commanders and leaders
Alexander the Great
Hephaestion		 Orontobates
Memnon of Rhodes
Casualties and losses
16[3] 170[3]
Halicarnassus is located in West and Central Asia
Halicarnassus
Halicarnassus
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Location of the siege of Halicarnassus
Alexander the Great
Map
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1200km
820miles
Babylon
15
Death of Alexander the Great 10 or 11 June 323 BC
Malavas
14
Mallian campaign November 326 – February 325 BC
Hydaspes
13
Battle of the Hydaspes May 326 BCE
Cophen
12
Cophen campaign May 327 BC – March 326 BC
Cyropolis
11
Siege of Cyropolis 329 BC Battle of Jaxartes October 329 BC Siege of the Sogdian Rock 327 BC
Persian Gate
10
Battle of the Persian Gate 20 January 330 BC
Uxians
9
Battle of the Uxian Defile December 331 BC
Gaugamela
8
Battle of Gaugamela 1 October 331 BC
Alexandria
7
Foundation of Alexandria 331 BC
Gaza
6
Siege of Gaza October 332 BC
Tyre
5
Siege of Tyre (332 BC) January–July 332 BC
Issus
4
Battle of Issus 334 BC
Halicarnassus
3
Siege of Miletus 334 BC Siege of Halicarnassus 334 BC
Granicus
2
Battle of the Granicus May, 334 BC
Pella
1
  current battle

The siege of Halicarnassus was fought between Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 334 BC. Alexander, who had no navy, was constantly being threatened by the Persian navy. It continuously attempted to provoke an engagement with Alexander, who would not oblige them. Eventually, the Persian fleet sailed to Halicarnassus, in order to establish a new defense. Ada of Caria, the former queen of Halicarnassus, had been driven from her throne by her younger brother Pixodarus of Caria. When Pixodarus died, Persian King Darius had appointed Orontobates satrap of Caria, which included Halicarnassus in its jurisdiction. On the arrival of Alexander in 334 BC, Ada, who was in possession of the fortress of Alinda, surrendered the fortress to him.[2]

Orontobates and Memnon of Rhodes entrenched themselves in Halicarnassus. Alexander had sent spies to meet with dissidents inside the city, who had promised to open the gates and allow Alexander to enter. When his spies arrived, however, the dissidents were nowhere to be found. A small battle resulted, and Alexander's army managed to break through the city walls. Memnon, however, now deployed his catapults, and Alexander's army fell back. Memnon then deployed his infantry, and shortly before Alexander would have received his first defeat, his infantry managed to break through the city walls, surprising the Persian forces. Memnon, realizing the city was lost, set fire to it and withdrew with his army. Strong winds caused the fire to destroy much of the city.[2] Alexander leading his army through the gates, ordered crews to extinguish the blazing structures and issued a decree that the citizens should not be harmed.[4]

Aftermath

After the capture of Halicarnassus Alexander sent his newly married soldiers home to spend the winter with their families. [5] Alexander committed the government of Caria to Ada; and she, in turn, formally adopted Alexander as her son, ensuring that the rule of Caria passed unconditionally to him upon her eventual death. During her husband's tenure as satrap, Ada had been loved by the people of Caria. By putting Ada, who felt very favorably towards Alexander, on the throne, he ensured that the government of Caria, as well as its people, remained loyal to him.[2]

  • Map of Halicarnassus at the time of the siege
    Map of Halicarnassus at the time of the siege
  • Ruins of the fortications around Halicarnassus (the Myndus Gate), 4th century BC
    Ruins of the fortications around Halicarnassus (the Myndus Gate), 4th century BC

References

  1. ^ Fuller, J.F.C (1960). The Generalship of Alexander The Great. Da Capo Press. pp. 200–206. ISBN 0-306-81330-0. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Cartledge, Paul (2004). Alexander the Great the hunt for a new past. Overlook Press. ISBN 1-4050-3292-8. OL 3308184M. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  3. ^ a b c English, Stephen (30 March 2010). The Sieges of Alexander the Great. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781848840607. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b Easton, Jeffery A (April 2006). "A Storm of Terrors: Alexander the Great at Halicarnassus". Military Heritage. No. 7–5. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  5. ^ Fuller, J.F.C (1960). The Generalship of Alexander The Great. Da Capo Press. p. 304. ISBN 0-306-81330-0. Retrieved 2 July 2024.

Bibliography