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Shu Chien
Shu Chien
錢煦
Born	23 June 1931 (age 93); Beijing, China
Nationality	Chinese
Citizenship	United States
Alma mater	National Taiwan University (BS, MD); Columbia University (PhD)
Known for	Fluid dynamics of blood flow ; Stem Cells
Awards	National Medal of Science (2010) ; American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2006) ; National Academy of Engineering (1997) ; National Academy of Sciences (1994) ; Institute of Medicine (1993)
	Scientific career
Fields	Bioengineering; Physiology
Institutions	UC San Diego

Shu Chien (traditional Chinese: 錢煦; simplified Chinese: 钱煦; pinyin: Qián Xù; born June 23, 1931) is a Chinese-born Taiwanese-American physiologist and bioengineer. His work on the fluid dynamics of blood flow has had a major impact on the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Chien is currently President of the Biomedical Engineering Society.

Chien was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1997 for research in blood rheology, microcirculation, cell mechanics, atherogenesis, and tissue engineering. He is one of only 11 scholars who are members of all three U.S. national institutes: the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.^[1]

Biography

Chien discussing his life and career.

Chien was born in Beijing and grew up in Shanghai.^[2] Chien's family are descendants of the royal family of the King Qian Liu of the Kingdom of Wuyue. His grandfather Chien Hong-ye (錢鴻業) was a Chief Justice in the Supreme Court of the Republic of China (in Shanghai). His father Chien Shih-Liang, a chemist, was former President of Academia Sinica. His elder brother Robert Chien (錢純) was former Minister of Finance of Taiwan, and former Secretary-general of Executive Yuan. His young brother Fredrick Chien is also an influential politician in Taiwan. Shu Chien married Dr. Kuang-Chung Hu Chien in 1957.

From 1947 to 1948, Chien completed his medical preparatory study at Peking University Medical School. In 1949, Chien moved to Taiwan with his family. In 1953, Chien graduated from National Taiwan University. Chien went to study in the United States in 1954 and obtained his PhD in 1957 from Columbia University. Chien also received M.D. from the National Taiwan University.^[3]^[4]

From 1969 to 1988, Chien was a Professor of Physiology and Biophysics at the Columbia University. Chien was a Founding Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 1992.

Chien is current President (since 1991) of the Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Chien was the Chair of the Department of Bioengineering of UCSD from 1994 to 1999 and from 2002 to 2005. He is also the founding director of the Institute of Engineering in Medicine in July 2008. He was named as a recipient of the National Medal of Science by President Barack Obama on September 27, 2011, for "pioneering work in cardiovascular physiology and bioengineering".^[5]

1967 Science Papers

In 1967 Chien published three papers in Science that advanced the understanding of the physics behind the flow of red blood cells.^[6]^[7] Chien and his colleagues were able to explore the flow properties of red blood cells through various experiments involved with filtering red blood cells through plastic porous sieves. One key finding was that the flow of red blood cells does not follow Newtonian behavior and this characteristic is fundamental in aiding red blood cells to squeeze through capillaries.

Chien and his colleagues further discovered the importance of the malleability of red blood cells to pass through tiny pores smaller than the cells' diameter. In other words, a healthy normal red blood cell is able to "squeeze" by deforming its shape and pass through small pores. In addition, this deformation helps lower the viscosity of blood and facilitate flow. Another important discovery that determines the viscosity of blood is the ability of red blood cells to aggregate to form rouleaux (like stacks of coins) due to their disc like shape. Chien and his colleagues discovered that this was a crucial factor in modulating viscosity and regulating blood flow and elucidated the mechanical, electrical and biochemical basis of this process. These discoveries show that the shape of red blood cells is not accidental, but rather a highly "engineered design" meant for efficient transportation.

Recent research

Chien has investigated the mechanisms by which mechanical forces such as pressure and flow regulate the behaviors of the cells in blood vessels, including the endothelial cells lining the vessel lumen and the smooth muscle cells in the vessel interior and their interactions. His work has led to the understanding how forces with a clear direction (as seen in the straight parts of the vascular tree) can protect the vessels from atherosclerosis and how forces without a clear direction (as seen in the branch points) make the vessels vulnerable to atherosclerosis. More recently, he has developed novel approaches to assess the optimum microenvironment for the growth and differentiation of stem cells.^{[citation needed]}

Academic career

Current, President of the Biomedical Engineering Society
2008–2009, President of the Internal Society of Biorheology
2006–2008, President-Elect of the BMES Publications Board of Directors
2001–2002, President of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE)
1992–1993, President of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
1990–1991, President of the American Physiological Society (APS).^[2] Chien is the 63rd President and the first Asian American President of APS.^[2]
1980–1981, President, The Microcirculatory Society
Chairman of the steering committee of the North American Society of Biorheology
President of the American Society of Chinese Medicine

Honors and awards

2016 – Benjamin Franklin Medal in Mechanical Engineering^[8]
2012 – Columbia University Honorary Degree
2011 – National Medal Of Science, The White House
2006 – Founders' Award, National Academy of Sciences
2006 – Foreign Member, Chinese Academy of Science
2006 – Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2005 – Member, National Academy of Sciences
2004 – Pierre Galletti Award, American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering
1999 – National Health Medal, Department of Health, ROC
1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award, Chinese-American Engineers & Scientists Association of Southern California
1997 – Member, National Academy of Engineering
1996 – Melville Medal ASME
1994 – Member, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences
1992 – Founding Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Biological Eng.
1991 – Zweifach Award, Fifth World Congress for Microcirculation
1990 – Melville Medal ASME
1983 – Landis Award, Microcirculatory Society
1981 – The First Fahraeus Medal in Clinical Haemorheology
1980 – Nanci Medal for Research in Blood Rheology
1976 – Academician, Academia Sinica

References

^ "White House Awards UC San Diego Bioengineering Professor Shu Chien National Medal of Science". ucsdnews.ucsd.edu. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Shu Chien". Living History of Physiology. American Physiological Society. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
^ Academia Sinica (Taiwan) Academician Profile: 生命科學組錢煦 (The Division of Life Sciences – Shu Chien)
^ Lee Kuan Yew Distinguished Visitor Shu Chien (Nov 25, 2008, Singapore)
^ "President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators". whitehouse.gov. September 27, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011 – via National Archives.
^ Gregersen, Magnus I.; Bryant, Cyrus A.; Hammerle, Walter E.; Usami, Shunichi; Chien, Shu (August 18, 1967). "Flow Characteristics of Human Erythrocytes through Polycarbonate Sieves". Science. 157 (3790): 825–827. Bibcode:1967Sci...157..825G. doi:10.1126/science.157.3790.825. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17842792. S2CID 25808941.
^ Chien, Shu; Usami, Shunichi; Dellenback, Robert J.; Gregersen, Magnus I. (August 18, 1967). "Blood Viscosity: Influence of Erythrocyte Deformation". Science. 157 (3790): 827–829. Bibcode:1967Sci...157..827C. doi:10.1126/science.157.3790.827. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17842793. S2CID 46626492.
^ "The 2016 Franklin Institute Awards Laureates". The Franklin Institute. February 3, 2014.