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Othmar Ammann
Othmar Ammann
	Ammann in 1932
Born	March 26, 1879; Feuerthalen, Switzerland
Died	September 22, 1965 (aged 86); Rye, New York, U.S.
Nationality	Swiss
Education	ETH Zurich
Occupation	Bridge designer
Known for	George Washington Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Bronx–Whitestone Bridge, Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and Bayonne Bridge

Othmar Hermann Ammann (March 26, 1879 – September 22, 1965) was a Swiss-American civil engineer whose bridge designs include the George Washington Bridge, Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge.^[1]^[2] He also directed the planning and construction of the Lincoln Tunnel.^[3]

Biography

Bust in George Washington Bridge bus station

Othmar Ammann was born near Schaffhausen, Switzerland, in 1879. His father was a manufacturer and his mother was a hat maker. He received his engineering education at the Polytechnikum in Zürich, Switzerland. He studied with Swiss engineer Wilhelm Ritter. In 1904, he emigrated to the United States, spending much of his career working in New York City. He became a naturalized citizen in 1924.

In 1905 he briefly returned to Switzerland to marry Lilly Selma Wehrli. Together they had three children – Werner, George, and Margot – before she died in 1933. He then married Klary Vogt Noetzli, herself recently widowed, in 1935 in California.^[1]

Ammann wrote two reports about bridge collapses, the collapse of the Quebec Bridge and the collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Galloping Gertie). It was the report that he wrote about the failure of the Quebec Bridge in 1907 that first earned him recognition in the field of bridge design engineering. Because of this report, he was able to obtain a position working for Gustav Lindenthal on the Hell Gate Bridge. By 1925, he had been appointed bridge engineer to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. His design for a bridge over the Hudson River was accepted over one developed by his mentor, Lindenthal. (Lindenthal's "North River Bridge" designs show an enormous, 16+ lane bridge that would have accommodated pedestrians, freight trains, rapid transit, and automobile traffic. The bridge, which would have entered Manhattan at 57th Street, was rejected in favor of Ammann's designs primarily due to cost reasons.)

Due to his reputation, he was chosen as one of three engineers tasked with investigating the 1940 collapse of the Tacoma Narrows bridge. Along with Theodore Von Kármán and Glenn B. Woodruff, he published the 1941 report "The Failure of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge", which guided the next half century of suspension bridge design.^[4]

Ultimately, this became the George Washington Bridge. Under Ammann's direction, it was completed six months ahead of schedule for less than the original $60 million budget. Ammann's designs for the George Washington Bridge, and, later, the Bayonne Bridge, caught the attention of master builder Robert Moses, who drafted Ammann into his service. The last four of Ammann's six New York City bridges — Triborough, Bronx-Whitestone, Throgs Neck, and Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge were all built for Moses' Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority. In 1946, Ammann and Charles Whitney founded the firm Ammann & Whitney. In 1964, Ammann opened the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in New York, that had the world's longest suspended span of 4,260 feet (1,300 m), and was the world's heaviest suspension bridge of its time. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge is currently the eleventh-longest span in the world and longest in the Western Hemisphere. Ammann also assisted in the building of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, currently ranked twelfth.

Works

Ammann was known for being able to create bridges that were light and inexpensive, yet they were still simple and beautiful. He was able to do this by using the deflection theory. He believed that the weight per foot of the span and the cables would provide enough stiffness so that the bridge would not need any stiffening trusses. This made him popular during the depression era when being able to reduce the cost was crucial. Famous bridges by Ammann include the following:

George Washington Bridge (opened October 24, 1931)
Bayonne Bridge (opened November 15, 1931)
Triborough Bridge (opened July 11, 1936)
Bronx–Whitestone Bridge (opened April 29, 1939)
Delaware Memorial Bridge (with HNTB, first span opened 1951)
Walt Whitman Bridge (opened May 16, 1957)
Throgs Neck Bridge (opened January 11, 1961)
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge (opened November 21, 1964)

The George Washington Bridge was originally designed to have its steel structure clad in dressed stone, omitted from the final design due to cost constraints stemming from the Great Depression. Ammann's managerial skills saw the bridge completed ahead of schedule and under budget.

The arched Bayonne Bridge is the only Othmar design that is not a suspension bridge.

The Bronx-Whitestone Bridge had to be reinforced after only one year of operation because of perceptible movement during high winds. Warren trusses were initially implemented to stiffen the bridge, spoiling its classic streamlined looks. They have been removed and the wind problem solved using triangular shaped lightweight fiberglass aerodynamic fairing along both sides that slices the wind as it passes over the bridge.^[5]

In addition to his work on bridges, Ammann also directed the planning and construction of the Lincoln Tunnel.

Legacy

Ammann was the recipient of several awards, including the Thomas Fitch Rowland Prize (1919), the Metropolitan Section Civil Engineer of the Year (1958), the Ernest E. Howard Award (1960) and the National Medal of Science (1964).^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

In 1962, a bronze bust of Ammann was unveiled in the lobby of the George Washington Bridge Bus Station.^[1]^[10] A residence hall called Ammann College was dedicated in his honor on February 18, 1968 on the campus of Stony Brook University.^[11] To mark the hundredth anniversary of his birth, a memorial plaque for Ammann was placed near the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge on June 28, 1979.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Master Bridge Builder; Othmar Hermann Ammann". The New York Times. August 29, 1962. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Othmar Ammann, Engineer, Is Dead". The New York Times. September 24, 1965. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
^ Frazier, Ian (November 13, 2007) Revamping the Bayonne Bridge to make space for megaships. The New Yorker.
^ Amman, Othmar; Von Karman, Theodore; Woodruff, Glenn B. (March 28, 1941). "The Failure of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge". doi:10.1007/bf02866750. ISSN 0971-8044. S2CID 120498720.
^ "A New Look for a Classic Bridge". MTA Bridges & Tunnels. October 24, 2003. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
^ "Thomas Fitch Rowland Prize Past Award Winners". American Society of Civil Engineers. Archived from the original on December 11, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
^ "Metropolitan Section Civil Engineer of the Year Award". ASCE Metropolitan Section. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
^ "Engineer Is Cited; Othmar Ammann to Be Feted for Lincoln Tunnel Work". The New York Times. July 24, 1960. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details". National Science Foundation. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
^ Rockland, Michael Aaron (2008). The George Washington Bridge: Poetry in Steel. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8135-4375-8. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
^ "Building Bridges to the Future". Stony Brook University. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
^ "Othmar H. Ammann Memorial Plaque". ASCE Metropolitan Section. Retrieved November 12, 2016.