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Scorpaenodes
	Guam scorpionfish (Scorpaenodes guamensis)
	Scorpaenodes caribbaeus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Scorpaenidae
Tribe:	Scorpaenini
Genus:	Scorpaenodes; Bleeker, 1857
Type species
	Scorpaena polylepis; Bleeker, 1851
Synonyms
	Hypomacrus Evermann & Seale, 1907; Metzelaaria Jordan, 1923; Parascorpaenodes J. L. B. Smith, 1957; Paronescodes J. L. B. Smith, 1958; Sebastella Tanaka, 1917; Sebastopsis Gill, 1862; Sebastopsis Sauvage, 1873;

Scorpaenodes is a widespread genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes. The fishes in this genus are found to the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean.

Taxonomy

Scorpaenodes was first formally described as a genus in 1857 by the Dutch physician, herpetologist and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker, Bleeker designated Scorpaena polylepsis as its type species by monotypy.^[1] He had originally described this species from Western Sumatra in 1851. S. polylepsis was later shown to be junior synonym of Scorpaena guamensis which had been described from Guam by Jean René Constant Quoy and Joseph Paul Gaimard in 1824 from Guam.^[2] This genus is classified within the tribe Scorpaenini, in the subfamily Scorpaeninae of the family Scorpaenidae.^[3] The genus name Scorpaenodes means having the form of Scorpaena the genus Bleeker originally placed the type species in.^[4]

Species

There are currently 29 recognized species in this genus:^[5]

Scorpaenodes africanus Pfaff, 1933
Scorpaenodes albaiensis (Evermann & Seale, 1907) (Long-fingered scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes arenai Torchio, 1962 (Messina scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes barrybrowni Pitassy & C. C. Baldwin, 2016 (Stellate scorpionfish) ^[6]
Scorpaenodes bathycolus G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2012 ^[7]
Scorpaenodes caribbaeus Meek & Hildebrand, 1928 (Reef scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes corallinus J. L. B. Smith, 1957
Scorpaenodes elongatus Cadenat, 1950 (African spotted scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes englerti Eschmeyer & G. R. Allen, 1971 (Englert's scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes evides (D. S. Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1914) (Cheek-spot scorpionfish) ^[8]
Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Guam scorpionfish) ^[9]
Scorpaenodes hirsutus (J. L. B. Smith, 1957) (Hairy scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes immaculatus Poss & Collette, 1990
Scorpaenodes insularis Eschmeyer, 1971
Scorpaenodes investigatoris [Eschmeyer & Rama Rao, 1972
Scorpaenodes kelloggi (O. P. Jenkins, 1903) (Kellogg's scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes minor (J. L. B. Smith, 1958) (Minor scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes muciparus (Alcock, 1889)
Scorpaenodes parvipinnis (A. Garrett, 1864) (Low-fin scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes quadrispinosus D. W. Greenfield & Matsuura, 2002 (Four-spine scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes rubrivinctus Poss, McCosker & C. C. Baldwin, 2010
Scorpaenodes scaber (E. P. Ramsay & J. D. Ogilby, 1886) (Pygmy scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes smithi Eschmeyer & Rama Rao, 1972 (Little scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes steenei G. R. Allen, 1977 (Steene's scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes steinitzi Klausewitz & Frøiland, 1970
Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus (Metzelaar, 1919) (Deep-reef scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes tribulosus Eschmeyer, 1969
Scorpaenodes varipinnis J. L. B. Smith, 1957 (Blotch-fin scorpionfish)
Scorpaenodes xyris (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1882) (Rainbow scorpionfish)

Characteristics

Scorpaenodes scorpionfishes have a very bony head which is defended by numerous spines and lacks an occipital pit. There is a longitudinal suborbital ridge which has 1-4 spines and may have another row of spines underneath those. There are teeth on the centre of the roof of the mouth but not on its sides. The dorsal fin has 13 spines and between 8 and 10 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 4 or 5 soft rays, the posteriormost dorsal and anal soft rays are branched. There are 15-20 fin rays in the pectoral fin with the lower rays being branched and the central rays being the longest. The scales are rough and typically extend onto the head. There are small spiny rays at top and bottom of the base of caudal fin.^[10] The largest species is S. africanus which has a maximum published total length of 90 cm (35 in), however most species are less than 15 cm (5.9 in) in length.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

Scorpaenodes scorpionfishes have a circum-tropical distribution and are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are found in coastal waters on coral and rocky reefs and other hard substrates.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Scorpaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Scorpaenodes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 468–475. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (2 October 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 9): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Family Scorpaenidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Scorpaenodes". FishBase. August 2021 version.
^ Baldwin, C.C., Pitassy, D.E. & Robertson, D.R. (2016): A new deep-reef scorpionfish (Teleostei, Scorpaenidae, Scorpaenodes) from the southern Caribbean with comments on depth distributions and relationships of western Atlantic members of the genus. ZooKeys, 606: 141–158.
^ Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. (2012): Reef Fishes of the East Indies. Reef Fishes of the East Indies. Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research, Perth, Australia. 1292pp. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-9872600-0-0.
^ Motomura, H., Arbsuwan, S. & Musikasinthorn, P. (2010): Thysanichthys evides, a Senior Synonym of Sebastella littoralis, and a Valid Species of Scorpaenodes (Actinopterygii: Scorpaenidae). Species Diversity, 15 (2): 71–81.
^ Motomura, H., Causse, R. & Struthers, C.D. (2016): Redescription of the Indo-Pacific scorpionfish Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) (Scorpaenidae), a senior synonym of seven nominal species. Zootaxa, 4067 (3): 345–360.
^ ^a ^b "Genus: Scorpaenodes, Scorpionfishes". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information system. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 15 February 2022.