Scleroderris canker

Scleroderris canker

Gremmeniella abietina
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Leotiomycetes
Order:	Helotiales
Family:	Helotiaceae
Genus:	Gremmeniella
Species:	G. abietina
Binomial name
*Gremmeniella abietina* (Lagerberg) Morelet
Synonyms
Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerberg) Scleroderris lagerbergii (Lagerberg) Lagerbergia abietina

Scleroderris canker (American name), or Brunchorstia disease (European name),^[1] Gremmeniella abietina, is a species of fungal diseases infecting coniferous forests. The main symptom is the death of the needles, leading to the death of the tree.^[2] In the forest industry, fighting off an infection of Scleroderris canker is usually not cost-effective. Clearing is often preferred over fungicidal methods, as the latter is harmful to other living organisms.

Geographical distribution

The European strain is present throughout all of Europe, including the European part of Russia.^[1] The American strain limits itself to north of 44°N.^[3]

Cause and symptoms

Needles of a conifer infected with Scleroderris canker

There are two strains of the fungus in existence, the North American and European. The latter is more virulent, capable of infecting an entire tree and killing it over a few years time, whereas the North American strain limits itself to the first few metres of the stem.^[4] Another reason behind the high potency of the European strain is that trees are unable to defend themselves from the fungus during winters, as the fungus can remain active at temperatures as low as -5°C^[5]

Early signs of a Scleroderris canker infection includes a purple tint in the needles and, more evidently, the falling off the needles in the wrong season. A severe Scleroderris canker infection can sometimes be disastrous, as the fungus survives on the pine cones, killing any new seedlings within two years.^{[citation needed]}

Chances of infection increase greatly if the previous winter has been mild and the spring season is cool and wet, due to the active temperature. Infection occurs in damaged buds and proceeds downwards into the stem, and ascospores are released from November to July.^[6]

Control

Chemical

The fungicide Chlorothalonil can be used to ward off the disease in nurseries. However, it is ineffective in adult populations.^[7]

Resistance

Resistant species of Jack pine have been observed in Ontario.^[7]

Regulatory

It has been found that the European strain can spread via the import of Christmas trees. Regulating such imports can limit the spread of the disease.^[7]

Main host genera

Synonyms

Lagerbergia abietina (Lagerberg)
Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerberg)
Scleroderris abietina (Lagerberg)
Scleroderris lagerbergii

References

^ ^a ^b Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests - Gremmeniella abietina
^ Problems with growing [Forest] in Iceland and Sweden
^ Scleroderris canker Archived 2006-05-08 at the Wayback Machine from Canadian Forest Service
^ Scleroderris canker European strain Archived 2006-10-02 at the Wayback Machine from Canadian Forest Service
^ Några skadesvampars hot mot vår svenska tall^{[permanent dead link‍]} from Umeå University
^ Gremmen, J. (1968) [Contribution to the biology of Brunchorstia pinea, cause of shoot dieback in Austrian and Corsican pine]. Nederlands Bosbouw Tijdschrift 40, 221-231.
^ ^a ^b ^c Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gremmeniella abietina.

Wikispecies has information related to Gremmeniella abietina.

Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 130 - Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers

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Taxon identifiers
Gremmeniella abietina	Wikidata: Q147369 CoL: 6L4Z6 EPPO: GREMAB GBIF: 2584139 iNaturalist: 784861 IndexFungorum: 314734 IRMNG: 10729399 ISC: 25892 MycoBank: 314734 NatureServe: 2.1072647 NBN: NHMSYS0001483239 NCBI: 127520 Observation.org: 27319 Open Tree of Life: 677363 SpeciesFungorum: 314734
Crumenula abietina	Wikidata: Q59511562 CoL: ZRYF GBIF: 5256817 IndexFungorum: 445687 IRMNG: 11023858 MycoBank: 445687 SpeciesFungorum: 445687

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