Samuel Adler (composer)

For other people named Samuel Adler, see Samuel Adler (disambiguation).
Samuel Adler
Born
Samuel Hans Adler

(1928-03-04) 4 March 1928 (age 96)
Mannheim, Germany
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma mater
Occupation(s)Composer, conductor, author, and professor
Years active1952–2016
Known forFounder of the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra
Spouses
Carol Starker
​
​
(m. 1960; div. 1989)​
Emily Freeman Brown
​
(m. 1991)​
Children2
AwardsAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters
Cross of Merit (Germany)
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service / branchUnited States Army
Years of service1950–1952
Rank Corporal
Unit 2d Armored Division
Websitesamuelhadler.com

Samuel Hans Adler (born March 4, 1928) is an American composer, conductor, author, and professor. During the course of a professional career which ranges over six decades he has served as a faculty member at both the University of Rochester's Eastman School of Music and the Juilliard School. In addition, he is credited with founding and conducting the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra which participated in the cultural diplomacy initiatives of the United States in Germany and throughout Europe in the aftermath of World War II. Adler's musical catalogue includes over 400 published compositions. He has been honored with several awards including Germany's Order of Merit – Officer's Cross.

Biography

Adler was born to a Jewish family in Mannheim, Germany, the son of Hugo Chaim Adler, a cantor and composer, and Selma Adler who was an amateur pianist.[1][2] At the young age of ten, Samuel was separated from his father while Hugo was imprisoned in the Netherlands following the Kristallnacht pogrom of 1938.[3] After Hugo's return to Mannheim, the family was reunited and subsequently fled the Nazi regime in Germany through the Netherlands to the United States in 1939, where Hugo became the cantor of Temple Emanuel in Worcester, Massachusetts.[1][4] Sam soon followed his father into the music profession and began his musical studies on the violin with Albert Levy. His formal education in composition was initiated under Herbert Fromm in 1941. Subsequently, Adler earned degrees from both Boston University (where he studied musicology with Karl Geiringer) and Harvard University (where he studied with Aaron Copland, Irving Fine, Paul Hindemith, Paul Pisk, Walter Piston, and Randall Thompson and earned an M.A. in 1950).[5] He studied conducting with Serge Koussevitzky at the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood in 1949.[6] Adler has been awarded four honorary doctorates from Southern Methodist and Wake Forest Universities, St. Mary's College of Notre Dame and the St. Louis Conservatory of Music.[7][8][9][10][11]

Eastman School of Music- University of Rochester – general view

After completing his academic studies in 1950, Adler served as a corporal in the 2d Armored Division.[12][13] During this time he founded the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952) in Stuttgart, Germany, which served to demonstrate the shared cultural heritage of America and Europe in the post World War II era through cultural diplomacy.[13][14][15] For this, he received a special Citation of Excellence from the Army for the orchestra's success between 1952 and 1961.[16] Subsequently, he accepted a position as music director at Temple Emanu-El in Dallas, Texas, beginning his tenure there in 1953.[10] At the Dallas temple he formed a children's choir and an adult choir. From 1954 to 1958 Adler conducted the Dallas Lyric Theater. From 1957 to 1966, Adler served as Professor of Composition at the University of North Texas College of Music.[9][10] Between 1966 and 1995, Adler served as Professor of Composition at the University of Rochester's Eastman School of Music.[7] In addition, he served as Chairman of the Department of Music at The Eastman School of Music from 1973 to 1994.[17] Since 1997, Adler has been a member of the composition faculty at Juilliard and, for the 2009–10 year, was awarded the William Schuman Scholars Chair.[18][9][10]

Juilliard School – Alice Tully Hall

He is also the author of three books, Choral Conducting (Holt Rinehart and Winston 1971, second edition Schirmer Books 1985), Sight Singing (W.W. Norton 1979, 1997), and The Study of Orchestration (W.W. Norton 1982, 1989, 2001, 2016; Italian edition edited by Lorenzo Ferrero for EDT Srl Torino, 2008).[7] He has also contributed numerous articles to major magazines, books and encyclopedias published in the U.S. and abroad. Adler also reflected upon six decades of teaching in his memoirs Building Bridges with Music: Stories from a Composer's Life which was published by Pendragon Press in 2017.[16][8]

Over the decades Adler's musical legacy has been interpreted by several orchestral ensembles including: the Cleveland Chamber Symphony, Esterhazy Quartet, the Latvian National Symphony Orchestra, Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt, and the Bowling Green Philharmonia. In more recent times his works have also been showcased by leading orchestras around the world, including: the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Mannheim National Theatre Orchestra, and the St. Louis Symphony. Performances of his compositions have been recorded on several record labels including: Albany Records, Linn Records, Navona Records, and Naxos Records.[19][20]

Adler is married to Emily Freeman Brown, who is currently serving as Music Director and Conductor of the Bowling Green Philharmonia.[21][9][22][23][24]

Compositional style

External audio
audio icon You may hear Samuel Adler's Recitative 1962 for organ performed by Robert Noehren on the album 20th Century American Organ Music in 1968 Here on archive.org
audio icon You may hear Samuel Adler's "Fourth String Quartet" performed by the Pro Arte Quartet
Here on archive.org
audio icon You may hear Adler conducting excerpts from the liturgical compositions of Hugo Chaim Adler in 1998
Here on Milken Archive

Musicologists have noted that Adler's works incorporate a wide range of compositional techniques including: free atonality, diatonicism, and serialism. In addition, he is recognized for interweaving dance rhythms, folk themes, ostinati, and devices associated with aleatoric music throughout his scores.[12] Adler does not advocate serialism or atonality.

It has also been observed that Adler's compositions illustrate a "midstream modernism", which is characterized by interwoven contrapunctal musical lines which form the foundation for a tonal harmonic complex punctuated by tangential atonal episodes. In addition, his music is said to be inspired by the liturgical cantilena featured in the Jewish musical tradition as well as oriental inflections.[25]

Awards

Adler has been awarded many prizes, including a membership into the American Academy in Berlin (2004)[26] and Institute of Arts and Letters awarded in May 2001, the Charles Ives Award (1961),[27] and the Lillian Fairchild Award (1974).[28][29] In May 2003, he was presented with the Aaron Copland Award by ASCAP for Lifetime Achievement in Music (Composition and Teaching).[30] In 2008, he was inducted into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame.[31] Similarly, in 2001 Adler was honored with a lifetime appointment to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[32][33] In 1999, he was elected to the Academy of Arts, Berlin for distinguished service to music.[28] In 1983, he won the Deems Taylor Award for his book on orchestration; in 1984, he was appointed Honorary Professorial Fellow of the University College in Cardiff, Wales, and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for 1984–85. He has been a MacDowell Fellow for five years between 1954 and 1963. In 1986, he received the "Distinguished Alumni Award" from Boston University.[7][1][28][31]

The Music Teachers' National Association selected Adler as its "Composer of the Year 1986–87" for Quintalogues, which won the national competition. In the 1988–89 year, he has been designated "Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar". In 1989, he was awarded The Eastman School's Eisenhart Award for distinguished teaching,[7] and he has been given the honor of Composer of the Year (1991) for the American Guild of Organists. During his second visit to Chile, Adler was elected to the Chilean Academy of Fine Arts (1993) "for his outstanding contributions to the world of music as composer, conductor, and author". He was initiated as an honorary member of the Gamma Theta (1960, University of North Texas) and the Alpha Alpha (1966, National Honorary) chapters of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, and in 1986 was named a National Arts Associate to Sigma Alpha Iota, international music fraternity for women.[34] In 1998, he was awarded the Brock Commission from the American Choral Directors Association.[35][28]

External images
image icon Photograph of Samuel Adler at the Juilliard School in 2013
Here on Getty images
image icon Historical photographs of Samuel Adler conducting
Here on Milken Archive

In May, 2018, Adler was awarded the German Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse (Order of Merit – Officer's Cross), presented to him in New York by Consul General David Gill.[36] On June 1, 2018, Adler was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters,[37] and presented the graduation address at Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati graduation ceremony.[38]

Works

Adler's catalogue includes over 400 published works in all media, including three operas, six symphonies, ten string quartets, at least eleven concerti (organ, piano, violin, viola or clarinet, cello, flute, guitar, saxophone quartet, woodwind quintet), many shorter orchestral works, works for wind ensemble and band, chamber music, a great deal of choral music, liturgical music, and songs.[1][7][10][39]

Solo instrumental

  • Four Composer Portraits (Birthday Cards for Solo Piano), for unaccompanied piano
  • Bassoonery (Study for Bassoon Solo), for unaccompanied bassoon (1965)
  • A Bonnie Tune (A Scherzo for Solo Flute), for unaccompanied flute (2012)
  • Bravura (A Concert Piece for Bass Trombone), for unaccompanied bass trombone (2012)
  • Bridges to Span Adversity, for harpsichord (1991)
  • Cantilena, for solo F horn (2018)
  • Canto III, for solo violin
  • Canto V
  • Canto VII Unaccompanied tuba solo // ungraded (1976)
  • Canto VIII, for solo piano (1976)
  • Canto IX, for Multiple Percussion Solo (1979), co-composed with John H. Beck calling for 5 timpani and 6 rototoms
  • Clarinon, for unaccompanied B-flat clarinet
  • Fantasy, for solo piano (2014)
  • Festschrift, for solo piano
  • Flaunting, for unaccompanied flute
  • From Generation to Generation, for solo organ
  • In Memory of Milton, for solo violin (2012)
  • In Praise of Bach, for solo organ (2003)
  • Meadowmountetudes (Four Studies Of 20th-Century Techniques), for solo violin (1996)
  • Oboration, for unaccompanied oboe (1965)
  • The Sense of Touch (Eight Short Pieces Introducing the Young Pianist to Techniques Used in Twentieth-Century Music), for solo piano (1983)
  • Solemn Soliloquy, for solo violin (2015)
  • Sonata, for solo guitar (1990)
  • Sonata, for harpsichord (1984)
  • Three Piano Preludes, for solo piano
  • Thy Song Expands My Spirit (A Tribute to Aaron Copland on His 80th Birthday), for solo piano (1983)
  • Two Meditations, for organ (1965)

Chamber ensemble

  • Acrostics (Four Games for Six Players)
  • Be Not Afraid: The Isle Is Full Of Noises, for brass quintet
  • Brahmsiana
  • Caccia, for two flutes
  • Concert Piece
  • Contrasting Inventions
  • Diary of a Journey
  • Divertimento
  • Divertissement, for viola and marimba
  • Divertissement, for violin and marimba
  • Festival Fanfare and Dance, for brass ensemble
  • Fidl-Fantazye: A Klezmer Concerto, for violin and piano (2017)
  • Five Movements
  • Five Vignettes, for 12 trombones (1968)
  • Four Dialogues for Euphonium, for euphonium and marimba
  • Into the Radiant Boundaries, for viola and guitar
  • Introit & Toccatina
  • L'Olam Vaed, for cello and piano
  • Let the Trumpet Sound, for trumpet and organ (2015)
  • Life Is an Ecstasy, for trumpet and organ (2017)
  • Pasiphae, for piano and percussion
  • Pensive Soliloquy, for E-flat alto saxophone and piano (1998)
  • Ports Of Call, for violin duet
  • Praeludium
  • Primavera Amarilla
  • Quintet, for piano and string quartet
  • Recitative and Rondo Capriccioso, for flute and piano (2014)
  • Romp, for string quartet
  • Scherzo Schmerzo, for trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba, and percussion
  • Sonata, for horn and piano (1948)
  • Sonata, for flute and piano (2006)
  • Sonata, for viola and piano (1987)
  • String Quartet No. 6 (A Whitman Serenade for medium voice and string quartet)
  • String Quartet No. 9 (2010)
  • String Quartet No. 10 (2015)
  • Three Pieces, for cello and piano (2016)
  • Time in Tempest Everywhere
  • Trio ("5 Snapshots"), for string trio
  • Trumpetry
  • Two Southern Appalachian Folk Songs, for violin and piano (2014)

Vocal/choral

  • Five Choral Scherzi, for mixed chorus, viola, and guitar
  • In Praise Of Labor, for voice and piano
  • Jonah (The Man Without Tolerance), for SATB chorus and orchestra
  • Nuptial Scene (1975)[40]
  • Of Love and Dreams, for voice and piano (2018)
  • Of Saints & Sinners-Mez
  • Passionate Sword-Fl/Cl
  • A Psalm Trilogy, for a cappella SATB chorus (1997)
  • Recalling The Yesterdays, for mezzo-soprano, flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano, and percussion
  • Serenade
  • Sixth String Quartet
  • Song Of Songs Fragments, for mezzo-soprano, clarinet, and piano
  • Those Were The Days, for voice and piano
  • Two Shelley Songs, for SATB chorus and piano (1982)
  • To Remember: To Be Remembered
  • Todesfuge, for tenor voice and piano
  • We Believe A Hymn Of Faith
  • Five Sephardic Choruses (1991)[40]
  • The Binding, An Oratorio in Three Parts, for soli, chorus and orchestra[40]

Orchestra

  • All Nature Plays
  • American Airs and Dances
  • Art Creates Artists
  • A Bridge to Understanding
  • Centennial
  • Drifting on Wind and Currents
  • Elegy, for string orchestra
  • In Just Spring
  • In The Spirit Of Bach, for string orchestra (2015)
  • Jonah (The Man Without Tolerance), for SATB chorus and orchestra
  • Man Lebt Nur Einmal (Darum Tanzen Wir), for large orchestra
  • Serenade
  • Seven Variations on 'God Save the King', for small or chamber orchestra
  • Shadow Dances
  • Show An Affirming Flame
  • Symphony No. 1 (1953)
  • Symphony No. 2 (1957)
  • Symphony No. 3 ("Diptych", 1960, rev. 1980)
  • Symphony No. 4 ("Geometrics", 1965)
  • Symphony No. 5 ("We Are the Echoes"), for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (1975)
  • Symphony No. 6 (1985)
  • Time in Tempest Everywhere, for soprano, oboe, and chamber orchestra
  • We Believe: A Hymn of Faith

Orchestra with soloist(s)

  • Arcos Concerto (A Bridge between the Old and the New), for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and string orchestra
  • Beyond the Pale (A Portrait of a Klezmer), for clarinet and string orchestra
  • Concerto, for cello and orchestra (1999)
  • Concerto, for viola and orchestra (2002)
  • Concerto, for violin and orchestra (2015)
  • Concerto "Shir Ha Ma'alot", for woodwind quintet and orchestra
  • Concerto for Guitar and Orchestra (1998)
  • Concerto for Horn and Orchestra
  • Concerto for Organ and Orchestra
  • Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (1983)
  • Concerto No. 2, for piano and orchestra (1997)
  • Fidl-Fantazye: A Klezmer Concerto, for violin and orchestra
  • Lux Perpetua, for organ and orchestra
  • Piano Concerto No. 3, for piano and string orchestra
  • Those Were the Days

Band/wind ensemble

  • American Airs and Dances
  • Concerto for Guitar and Wind Ensemble
  • Concerto for Winds, Brass and Percussion
  • Dawn to Glory
  • A Little Night and Day Music (1977)
  • Pygmalion
  • The River That Mines the Silences of Stones (2016)
  • Rogues and Lovers
  • Serenata Concertante, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, alto saxophone and wind ensemble
  • Solemn March

Stage works

  • The Outcast of Poker Flat, 1959, opera, staged Dallas, April 1961
  • The Wrestler, 1971, opera, staged Dallas, June 1972
  • The Disappointment, 1974, opera [reconstruction of an early ballad opera]
  • The Lodge of Shadows, musical drama for baritone solo, dancers and orchestra
  • The Waking, 1978, ballet

Liturgical music

  • B'shaaray Tefilah: A Sabbath Service (1963), for Cantor, SATB and Organ[39]
  • Call to Worship (1995), for cantor, SATB and organ
  • Hashkiveinu (1981), for cantor, SATB, and organ
  • L'cha Dodi (1984), for solo, SATB, organ and flute
  • Ma Tovu (2011), for tenor, SATB and organ
  • Psalm 24 (2003), for SATB and organ
  • Psalm 40, for SATB and organ
  • Psalm 67, for SATB and organ
  • Psalm 96, for SATB and organ
  • Psalm 146 (1985), for SATB and organ
  • Shir Chadash – A Friday Eve Service, for organ and 3 part choir (SAB)
  • The Twenty-Third Psalm – Hebrew and English (1981), for tenor, SATB and organ
  • Yamim Naraim I and II – A Two-Volume Anthology for the High Holy Days (1990–91), for cantor, SATB and organ

Notable students

External audio
audio icon You may hear Samuel Adler conducting his composition Summer Stock Overture (1955) with Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra as recorded circa 1958 at 7ASO.org
audio icon You may hear Samuel Adler conducting the concert overture The Hebrides, Op. 26 by Felix Mendelssohn with the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra in 2006 at 7ASO.org
audio icon Performance of the String Quartet No 10 (2015) by the Cassatt String Quartet
audio icon You may hear "A Prophecy of Peace: The Choral Music of Samuel Adler" Here on Archive.org
For Adler's notable students, see List of music students by teacher: A to B § Samuel Adler.

Since 1997 he has been a member of the composition faculty at the Juilliard School in New York City. Among his most successful students are composers Fisher Tull, Kamran Ince,[41] Eric Ewazen, Claude Baker, Marc Mellits, Robert Paterson, Gordon Stout, Chris Theofanidis, Michael Brown, Michael Glenn Williams, Gordon Chin, and Roger Briggs.

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d "Adler, Samuel". Milken Archive of Jewish Music. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  2. ^ "Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians: Centennial Edition". Slonimsky, Nicholas editor. Schirmer Books, New York NY, 2001. Vol.1 pg. 23 ISBN 0-02-865526-5
  3. ^ University of Hamburg: Institute for Historical Musicology - Biography of Samuel Adler on lexum.edu.uni-hamburg.de
  4. ^ University of Hamburg: Institute for Historical Musicology - Biography of Samuel Adler on lexum.edu.uni-hamburg.de
  5. ^ "Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians: Centennial Edition". Slonimsky, Nicholas editor. Schirmer Books, New York NY, 2001. Vol.1 pg. 23 ISBN 0-02-865526-5
  6. ^ "Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians: Centennial Edition". Slonimsky, Nicholas editor. Schirmer Books, New York NY, 2001. Vol.1 pg. 23 ISBN 0-02-865526-5
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Samuel Adler". Eastman School of Music. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  8. ^ a b "Samuel Adler | Composer | Biography". www.samuelhadler.com. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d "Samuel Adler". The Juilliard School. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music Editor Don Michael Randel, Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, 1996 p. 6 ISBN 0-674-37299-9
  11. ^ "View Inductees". American Classical Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  12. ^ a b Green, Jonathan D. (2003). A Conductor's Guide to Choral-orchestral Works. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 14. ISBN 9780810847200. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  13. ^ a b A Dictionary for the Modern Composer, Emily Freeman Brown, Scarecrow Press, Oxford, 2015, p. 311 ISBN 9780810884014
  14. ^ Uncle Sam's Orchestra: Memories of the Seventh Army Orchestra John Canaria, University of Rochester Press 1998 ISBN 9781580460 194
  15. ^ New Music New Allies Amy C. Beal, University of California Press, Berkley, 2006, P. 49, ISBN 978-0-520-24755-0 "Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952–1962) performing works by Roy Harris, Morton Gould and Leroy Anderson"
  16. ^ a b Building Bridges with Music: Stories from a Composer's Life Samuel Adler, Editor: Jurgen Thym, Pendragon Press, New York, 2017 ISBN 9781576473030
  17. ^ "Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians: Centennial Edition". Slonimsky, Nicholas editor. Schirmer Books, New York NY, 2001. Vol.1 pg. 23 ISBN 0-02-865526-5
  18. ^ Fein, Evan (10 May 2012). "Adler Named Schuman Scholar". The Juilliard School. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  19. ^ "Samuel Adler | Composer | Recordings". www.samuelhadler.com. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  20. ^ "Samuel Adler | Composer | Orchestra". www.samuelhadler.com. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  21. ^ "REVIEWS | Samuel Adler | Composer". www.samuelhadler.com. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  22. ^ Emily Freeman Brown – Biography on efreemanbrown.com
  23. ^ Conductors Guild Advisory Council – Emily Freeman Brown, Guild President 2003–2004 on conductorsguild.org
  24. ^ Bowling Green State University (BGSU) – Emily Freeman Brown Biography on bgsu.edu
  25. ^ "Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians: Centennial Edition". Slonimsky, Nicholas editor. Schirmer Books, New York NY, 2001. Vol.1 pg. 23 ISBN 0-02-865526-5
  26. ^ The American Academy in Berlin Past Fellows – Samuel Adler (2004) on americanacademy.de
  27. ^ The Living Composer's Project: Samuel Adler Biography
  28. ^ a b c d Morris, R. Winston; Bone, Jr, Lloyd E.; Paull, Eric (2007). Guide to the Euphonium Repertoire: The Euphonium Source Book. Indiana University Press. p. 444. ISBN 9780253112248.
  29. ^ The Living Composer's Project: Samuel Adler Biography
  30. ^ Composition in the Digital World – Conversations with 21-st Century American Composers Robert Raines. Oxford university Press, New York 2015 ISBN 978-0-19-935703-1
  31. ^ a b "» View Inductees | Adler, Samuel". American Classical Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  32. ^ American Academy of Arts and Letters - Members on artsandletters.org
  33. ^ Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester Samuel Adler Biography on esm.rochester.edu
  34. ^ "National Arts Associates". Sigma Alpha Iota. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  35. ^ "Raymond W. Brock Memorial Commission". American Choral Directors Association. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-27., Retrieved March 2016
  36. ^ PWR (29 May 2018). "Hohe Ehrung für Komponisten" (in German). Mannheimer Morgen. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  37. ^ "HUC-JIR Announces 2018 Graduation and Ordination in Cincinnati, Los Angeles, and New York". Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  38. ^ "Samuel H. Adler Presents the 2018 HUC-JIR/Cincinnati Graduation Address". Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion. June 13, 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  39. ^ a b "Samuel Adler | Composer | Works | Choral". www.samuelhadler.com. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  40. ^ a b c CD: Naxos American Classics, 8.559415
  41. ^ Chute, James (2001). "Ince, Kamran". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Sources
  • Darryl Lyman: Great Jews in Music. J. D. Publishers, Middle Village, N.Y, 1986.
  • David M. Cummings, Dennis K. McIntire (Ed.): International Who's Who in Music and Musician's Directory. In the Classical and Light Classical Fields, twelfth edition 1990/91. International Who's Who in Music, Cambridge, England 1991.
  • Kurtz Myers: Index to Record Reviews 1984–1987. G.K. Hall, Boston, Ma. 1989.
  • Gerry Cristol: A Light in the Prairie: Temple Emanu-El of Dallas 1872–1997. TCU Press, Fort Worth TX 1998, ISBN 0-87565-184-4.
  • Marie Rolf: "Adler, Samuel". In: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition. Edited by S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. Macmillan Publishers, London 2001.
  • Don Michael Randel (Ed.): "Adler, Samuel". In The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.
  • R. Winston Morris, Lloyd E. Bone Jr., Eric Paull (Ed.): "Adler, Samuel". In Guide to the Euphonium Repertoire – The Euphoneum Sourcebook. Indiana University Press, IN 2007

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海尔·塞拉西一世埃塞俄比亚皇帝統治1930年11月2日－1974年9月12日（43年314天）加冕1930年11月2日前任佐迪图繼任阿姆哈·塞拉西一世（流亡）埃塞俄比亞攝政王統治1916年9月27日－1930年11月2日（14年36天）出生(1892-07-23)1892年7月23日 埃塞俄比亚帝国哈勒爾州逝世1975年8月27日(1975歲—08—27)（83歲） 衣索比亞亚的斯亚贝巴安葬2000年11月5日圣三一大教堂配偶梅南·阿斯福（1889年－1962�...

 

 

The Benson Murder Case (film)

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Shopping mall in Sandton, Johannesburg, South Africa This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (June 2020) (L...

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