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Romans 11
Romans 11
← chapter 10 chapter 12 →
	Romans 11:33–12:5 on Tischendorf's edition of Codex Carolinus (Monumenta, page 155).
Book	Epistle to the Romans
Category	Pauline epistles
Christian Bible part	New Testament
Order in the Christian part	6

Romans 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, while he was in Corinth in the mid-50s AD,^[1] with the help of an amanuensis (secretary), Tertius, who adds his own greeting in Romans 16:22.^[2]

This chapter concludes the section of the letter in which "St. Paul teaches us about the eternal providence of God"^[3] with particular reference to the election of a chosen people, Israel (Romans 9:11),^[4] who have become disobedient (Romans 11:31),^[5] and in whose place a remnant have been chosen (Romans 11:5) ^[6] and grafted into place (Romans 11:17-24).

Text

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 36 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

In Greek:
- Codex Vaticanus (AD 325–350)
- Codex Sinaiticus (330–360)
- Codex Alexandrinus (400–440)
- Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (c. 450; extant verses 1–14)
in Gothic language
- Codex Carolinus (6th/7th century; extant verses 33–36)
in Latin
- Codex Carolinus (6th/7th century; extant verses 33–36)

Old Testament references

Romans 11:1–2 references Psalm 94:14^[7]
Romans 11:3 references 1 Kings 19:10,14^[8]
Romans 11:4 references 1 Kings 19:18^[8]
Romans 11:8 references Deuteronomy 29:4 and Isaiah 29:10^[8] and Isaiah 6:9^[8]
Romans 11:9–10 references Psalm 69:22, 23^[7]^[8]
Romans 11:27 references Isaiah 59:20, 21
Romans 11:34 references Isaiah 40:13,^[8] Wisdom 9:13^[8] and Jeremiah 23:18
Romans 11:35 references Job 41:11

New Testament references

Romans 11:1 references Philippians 3:5
Romans 11:34 references 1 Corinthians 2:16^[8]

Has God rejected Israel?

Paul reiterates in verses 1-11 his answer to the same question in chapter 9, focussing here on other cases where a remnant has been preserved.^[9]

Verse 1

I say then, has God cast away His people? Certainly not! For I also am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin.
— Romans 11:1, New King James Version^[10]

Paul opens this part of his letter with another rhetorical question: "Has God cast away His people?"^[a]^[9] He also uses the phrase "Certainly not!" or *God forbid" (μη γενοιτο, mē genoito) regularly in this letter.^[b] On this occasion, he puts himself forward as an example to evidence his argument, "to show that God has not rejected His people en masse. An Israelite of pure descent, he is, nevertheless a true believer".^[11] Later in the chapter (Romans 11:13),^[12] Paul also refers to himself as the "apostle of the gentiles" (εθνων αποστολος, ethnōn apostolos).

Verse 34

"For who has known the mind of the Lord? Or who has become His counselor?"
— Romans 11:34, New King James Version^[13]

Romans 34 cites both Isaiah 40:13 and Jeremiah 23:18.^[14]

Notes

^ Cf. Romans 10: 18, 19 and Romans 11:11: But I ask ..., So I ask ...
^ See Romans 6#The bearing of justification by grace upon a holy life

References

^ Hill 2007, p. 1084.
^ Donaldson, Terence L. (2007). "63. Introduction to the Pauline Corpus". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1077. ISBN 978-0199277186.
^ Luther, M., Preface to the Letter of St. Paul to the Romans, translated by Andrew Thornton, OSB, 1983, accessed on 14 October 2024
^ Romans 9:11
^ Romans 11:31
^ Romans 11:5
^ ^a ^b Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC–CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 839. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Biblical concordances of Romans 11 in the 1611 King James Version".
^ ^a ^b Hill 2007, p. 1102.
^ Romans 11:1: NKJV
^ Vincent, M. (1887), Vincent's Word Studies on Romans 11, accessed 26 September 2016
^ Romans 11:13
^ Romans 11:34
^ Jeremiah 22:18

Bibliography

Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195288810.
Hill, Craig C. (2007). "64. Romans". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 1083–1108. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.