R (programming language)

This article is about a programming language. For eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, see R. For other uses, see R (disambiguation).

R
R terminal
ParadigmsMulti-paradigm: procedural, object-oriented, functional, reflective, imperative, array[1]
Designed byRoss Ihaka and Robert Gentleman
DeveloperR Core Team
First appearedAugust 1993; 31 years ago (1993-08)
Stable release
4.4.2[2] Edit this on Wikidata / 31 October 2024; 2 months ago (31 October 2024)
Typing disciplineDynamic
Platformarm64 and x86-64
LicenseGPL-2.0-or-later[3]
Filename extensions
  • .r[4]
  • .rdata
  • .rhistory
  • .rds
  • .rda[5]
Websitewww.r-project.org Edit this at Wikidata
Influenced by
Influenced
Julia[7] pandas[8]

R is a programming language for statistical computing and data visualization. It has been adopted in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics and data analysis.[9]

The core R language is augmented by a large number of extension packages, containing reusable code, documentation, and sample data.

R software is open-source and free software. It is licensed by the GNU Project and available under the GNU General Public License.[3] It is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself. Precompiled executables are provided for various operating systems.

As an interpreted language, R has a native command line interface. Moreover, multiple third-party graphical user interfaces are available, such as RStudio—an integrated development environment—and Jupyter—a notebook interface.

History

Ross Ihaka, co-originator of R
Robert Gentleman, co-originator of R

R was started by professors Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the University of Auckland.[10] The language was inspired by the S programming language, with most S programs able to run unaltered in R.[6] The language was also inspired by Scheme's lexical scoping, allowing for local variables.[1]

The name of the language, R, comes from being both an S language successor as well as the shared first letter of the authors, Ross and Robert.[11] In August 1993, Ihaka and Gentleman posted a binary of R on StatLib — a data archive website.[12] At the same time, they announced the posting on the s-news mailing list.[13] On December 5, 1997, R became a GNU project when version 0.60 was released.[14] On February 29, 2000, the first official 1.0 version was released.[15]

Packages

Main article: R package
refer to caption
Violin plot created from the R visualization package ggplot2

R packages are collections of functions, documentation, and data that expand R.[16] For example, packages add report features such as RMarkdown, Quarto,[17] knitr and Sweave. Packages also add the capability to implement various statistical techniques such as linear, generalized linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, spatial analysis, time-series analysis, and clustering. Easy package installation and use have contributed to the language's adoption in data science.[18]

Base packages are immediately available when starting R and provide the necessary syntax and commands for programming, computing, graphics production, basic arithmetic, and statistical functionality.[19]

The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) was founded in 1997 by Kurt Hornik and Friedrich Leisch to host R's source code, executable files, documentation, and user-created packages.[20] Its name and scope mimic the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network and the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network.[20] CRAN originally had three mirrors and 12 contributed packages.[21] As of 16 October 2024, it has 99 mirrors[22] and 21,513 contributed packages.[23] Packages are also available on repositories R-Forge, Omegahat, and GitHub.[24][25][26]

The Task Views on the CRAN web site list packages in fields such as causal inference, finance, genetics, high-performance computing, machine learning, medical imaging, meta-analysis, social sciences, and spatial statistics.

The Bioconductor project provides packages for genomic data analysis, complementary DNA, microarray, and high-throughput sequencing methods.

The tidyverse package bundles several subsidiary packages that provide a common interface for tasks related to accessing and processing "tidy data",[27] data contained in a two-dimensional table with a single row for each observation and a single column for each variable.[28]

Installing a package occurs only once. For example, to install the tidyverse package:[28] 

> install.packages("tidyverse")

To load the functions, data, and documentation of a package, one executes the library() function. To load tidyverse:[a] 

> # Package name can be enclosed in quotes
> library("tidyverse")

> # But also the package name can be called without quotes
> library(tidyverse)

Interfaces

R comes installed with a command line console. Available for installation are various integrated development environments (IDE). IDEs for R include R.app[29] (OSX/macOS only), Rattle GUI, R Commander, RKWard, RStudio, and Tinn-R.[30]

General purpose IDEs that support R include Eclipse via the StatET plugin and Visual Studio via R Tools for Visual Studio.

Editors that support R include Emacs, Vim via the Nvim-R plugin, Kate, LyX via Sweave, WinEdt (website), and Jupyter (website).

Scripting languages that support R include Python (website), Perl (website), Ruby (source code), F# (website), and Julia (source code).

General purpose programming languages that support R include Java via the Rserve socket server, and .NET C# (website).

Statistical frameworks which use R in the background include Jamovi and JASP.

Community

The R Core Team was founded in 1997 to maintain the R source code. The R Foundation for Statistical Computing was founded in April 2003 to provide financial support. The R Consortium is a Linux Foundation project to develop R infrastructure.

The R Journal is an open access, academic journal which features short to medium-length articles on the use and development of R. It includes articles on packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news.

The R community hosts many conferences and in-person meetups. These groups include:

  • UseR!: an annual international R user conference (website)
  • Directions in Statistical Computing (DSC) (website)
  • R-Ladies: an organization to promote gender diversity in the R community (website)
  • SatRdays: R-focused conferences held on Saturdays (website)
  • R Conference (website)
  • posit::conf (formerly known as rstudio::conf) (website)

Implementations

The main R implementation is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself. Other implementations include:

Microsoft R Open (MRO) was an R implementation. As of 30 June 2021, Microsoft started to phase out MRO in favor of the CRAN distribution.[33]

Commercial support

Although R is an open-source project, some companies provide commercial support:

  • Revolution Analytics provides commercial support for Revolution R.
  • Oracle provides commercial support for the Big Data Appliance, which integrates R into its other products.
  • IBM provides commercial support for in-Hadoop execution of R.

Examples

Hello, World!

"Hello, World!" program: 

> print("Hello, World!")
[1] "Hello, World!"

Basic syntax

The following examples illustrate the basic syntax of the language and use of the command-line interface. (An expanded list of standard language features can be found in the R manual, "An Introduction to R".[34])

In R, the generally preferred assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters <-, although = can be used in some cases.[35] 

> x <- 1:6 # Create a numeric vector in the current environment
> y <- x^2 # Create vector based on the values in x.
> print(y) # Print the vector’s contents.
[1]  1  4  9 16 25 36

> z <- x + y # Create a new vector that is the sum of x and y
> z # Return the contents of z to the current environment.
[1]  2  6 12 20 30 42

> z_matrix <- matrix(z, nrow = 3) # Create a new matrix that turns the vector z into a 3x2 matrix object
> z_matrix 
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    2   20
[2,]    6   30
[3,]   12   42

> 2 * t(z_matrix) - 2 # Transpose the matrix, multiply every element by 2, subtract 2 from each element in the matrix, and return the results to the terminal.
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    2   10   22
[2,]   38   58   82

> new_df <- data.frame(t(z_matrix), row.names = c("A", "B")) # Create a new data.frame object that contains the data from a transposed z_matrix, with row names 'A' and 'B'
> names(new_df) <- c("X", "Y", "Z") # Set the column names of new_df as X, Y, and Z.
> print(new_df)  # Print the current results.
   X  Y  Z
A  2  6 12
B 20 30 42

> new_df$Z # Output the Z column
[1] 12 42

> new_df$Z == new_df['Z'] && new_df[3] == new_df$Z # The data.frame column Z can be accessed using $Z, ['Z'], or [3] syntax and the values are the same. 
[1] TRUE

> attributes(new_df) # Print attributes information about the new_df object
$names
[1] "X" "Y" "Z"

$row.names
[1] "A" "B"

$class
[1] "data.frame"

> attributes(new_df)$row.names <- c("one", "two") # Access and then change the row.names attribute; can also be done using rownames()
> new_df
     X  Y  Z
one  2  6 12
two 20 30 42

Structure of a function

One of R's strengths is the ease of creating new functions.[36] Objects in the function body remain local to the function, and any data type may be returned. In R, almost all functions and all user-defined functions are closures.[37]

Create a function: 

# The input parameters are x and y.
# The function returns a linear combination of x and y.
f <- function(x, y) {
  z <- 3 * x + 4 * y

  # an explicit return() statement is optional, could be replaced with simply `z`
  return(z)
}

Usage output: 

> f(1, 2)
[1] 11

> f(c(1, 2, 3), c(5, 3, 4))
[1] 23 18 25

> f(1:3, 4)
[1] 19 22 25

It is possible to define functions to be used as infix operators with the special syntax `%name%` where "name" is the function variable name: 

> `%sumx2y2%` <- function(e1, e2) {e1 ^ 2 + e2 ^ 2}
> 1:3 %sumx2y2% -(1:3)
[1]  2  8 18

Since version 4.1.0 functions can be written in a short notation, which is useful for passing anonymous functions to higher-order functions:[38] 

> sapply(1:5, \(i) i^2)    # here \(i) is the same as function(i) 
[1]  1  4  9 16 25

Native pipe operator

In R version 4.1.0, a native pipe operator, |>, was introduced.[39] This operator allows users to chain functions together one after another, instead of a nested function call. 

> nrow(subset(mtcars, cyl == 4)) # Nested without the pipe character
[1] 11

> mtcars |> subset(cyl == 4) |> nrow() # Using the pipe character
[1] 11

Another alternative to nested functions, in contrast to using the pipe character, is using intermediate objects: 

> mtcars_subset_rows <- subset(mtcars, cyl == 4)
> num_mtcars_subset <- nrow(mtcars_subset_rows)
> print(num_mtcars_subset)
[1] 11

While the pipe operator can produce code that is easier to read, it has been advised to pipe together at most 10 to 15 lines and chunk code into sub-tasks which are saved into objects with meaningful names.[40] Here is an example with fewer than 10 lines that some readers may still struggle to grasp without intermediate named steps:

(\(x, n = 42, key = c(letters, LETTERS, " ", ":", ")"))
    strsplit(x, "")[[1]] |>
    (Vectorize(\(chr) which(chr == key) - 1))() |>
    (`+`)(n) |>
    (`%%`)(length(key)) |>
    (\(i) key[i + 1])() |>
    paste(collapse = "")
)("duvFkvFksnvEyLkHAErnqnoyr")

Object-oriented programming

The R language has native support for object-oriented programming. There are two native frameworks, the so-called S3 and S4 systems. The former, being more informal, supports single dispatch on the first argument and objects are assigned to a class by just setting a "class" attribute in each object. The latter is a Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)-like system of formal classes (also derived from S) and generic methods that supports multiple dispatch and multiple inheritance[41]

In the example, summary is a generic function that dispatches to different methods depending on whether its argument is a numeric vector or a "factor": 

> data <- c("a", "b", "c", "a", NA)
> summary(data)
   Length     Class      Mode 
        5 character character 
> summary(as.factor(data))
   a    b    c NA's 
   2    1    1    1

Modeling and plotting

Diagnostic plots from plotting “model” (q.v. “plot.lm()” function). Notice the mathematical notation allowed in labels (lower left plot).

The R language has built-in support for data modeling and graphics. The following example shows how R can generate and plot a linear model with residuals. 

# Create x and y values
x <- 1:6
y <- x^2

# Linear regression model y = A + B * x
model <- lm(y ~ x)

# Display an in-depth summary of the model
summary(model)

# Create a 2 by 2 layout for figures
par(mfrow = c(2, 2))

# Output diagnostic plots of the model
plot(model)

Output: 

Residuals:
      1       2       3       4       5       6       7       8      9      10
 3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667  3.3333

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
(Intercept)  -9.3333     2.8441  -3.282 0.030453 * 
x             7.0000     0.7303   9.585 0.000662 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.9583, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9478
F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF,  p-value: 0.000662

Mandelbrot set

"Mandelbrot.gif" graphic created in R. (Note: Colors differ from actual output.)

This Mandelbrot set example highlights the use of complex numbers. It models the first 20 iterations of the equation z = z2 + c, where c represents different complex constants.

Install the package that provides the write.gif() function beforehand: 

install.packages("caTools")

R Source code: 

library(caTools)

jet.colors <-
    colorRampPalette(
        c("green", "pink", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F",
          "white", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000"))

dx <- 1500 # define width
dy <- 1400 # define height

C  <-
    complex(
            real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy),
            imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), times = dx)
            )

# reshape as matrix of complex numbers
C <- matrix(C, dy, dx)

# initialize output 3D array
X <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20))

Z <- 0

# loop with 20 iterations
for (k in 1:20) {

  # the central difference equation
  Z <- Z^2 + C

  # capture the results
  X[, , k] <- exp(-abs(Z))
}

write.gif(
    X,
    "Mandelbrot.gif",
    col = jet.colors,
    delay = 100)

Version names

A CD with autographs on it
CD of R Version 1.0.0, autographed by the core team of R, photographed R in Quebec City in 2019

All R version releases from 2.14.0 onward have codenames that make reference to Peanuts comics and films.[42][43][44]

In 2018, core R developer Peter Dalgaard presented a history of R releases since 1997.[45] Some notable early releases before the named releases include:

  • Version 1.0.0 released on February 29, 2000 (2000-02-29), a leap day
  • Version 2.0.0 released on October 4, 2004 (2004-10-04), "which at least had a nice ring to it"[45]

The idea of naming R version releases was inspired by the Debian and Ubuntu version naming system. Dalgaard also noted that another reason for the use of Peanuts references for R codenames is because, "everyone in statistics is a P-nut".[45]

R release codenames
Version Release date Name Peanuts reference Reference
4.4.2 2024-10-31 Pile of Leaves [46] [47]
4.4.1 2024-06-14 Race for Your Life [48] [49]
4.4.0 2024-04-24 Puppy Cup [50] [51]
4.3.3 2024-02-29 Angel Food Cake [52] [53]
4.3.2 2023-10-31 Eye Holes [54] [55]
4.3.1 2023-06-16 Beagle Scouts [56] [57]
4.3.0 2023-04-21 Already Tomorrow [58][59][60] [61]
4.2.3 2023-03-15 Shortstop Beagle [62] [63]
4.2.2 2022-10-31 Innocent and Trusting [64] [65]
4.2.1 2022-06-23 Funny-Looking Kid [66][67][68][69][70][71] [72]
4.2.0 2022-04-22 Vigorous Calisthenics [73] [74]
4.1.3 2022-03-10 One Push-Up [73] [75]
4.1.2 2021-11-01 Bird Hippie [76][77] [75]
4.1.1 2021-08-10 Kick Things [78] [79]
4.1.0 2021-05-18 Camp Pontanezen [80] [81]
4.0.5 2021-03-31 Shake and Throw [82] [83]
4.0.4 2021-02-15 Lost Library Book [84][85][86] [87]
4.0.3 2020-10-10 Bunny-Wunnies Freak Out [88] [89]
4.0.2 2020-06-22 Taking Off Again [90] [91]
4.0.1 2020-06-06 See Things Now [92] [93]
4.0.0 2020-04-24 Arbor Day [94] [95]
3.6.3 2020-02-29 Holding the Windsock [96] [97]
3.6.2 2019-12-12 Dark and Stormy Night See It was a dark and stormy night#Literature[98] [99]
3.6.1 2019-07-05 Action of the Toes [100] [101]
3.6.0 2019-04-26 Planting of a Tree [102] [103]
3.5.3 2019-03-11 Great Truth [104] [105]
3.5.2 2018-12-20 Eggshell Igloos [106] [107]
3.5.1 2018-07-02 Feather Spray [108] [109]
3.5.0 2018-04-23 Joy in Playing [110] [111]
3.4.4 2018-03-15 Someone to Lean On [112][better source needed] [113]
3.4.3 2017-11-30 Kite-Eating Tree See Kite-Eating Tree[114] [115]
3.4.2 2017-09-28 Short Summer See It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown [116]
3.4.1 2017-06-30 Single Candle [117] [118]
3.4.0 2017-04-21 You Stupid Darkness [117] [119]
3.3.3 2017-03-06 Another Canoe [120] [121]
3.3.2 2016-10-31 Sincere Pumpkin Patch [122] [123]
3.3.1 2016-06-21 Bug in Your Hair [124] [125]
3.3.0 2016-05-03 Supposedly Educational [126] [127]
3.2.5 2016-04-11 Very, Very Secure Dishes [128] [129][130][131]
3.2.4 2016-03-11 Very Secure Dishes [128] [132]
3.2.3 2015-12-10 Wooden Christmas-Tree See A Charlie Brown Christmas[133] [134]
3.2.2 2015-08-14 Fire Safety [135][136] [137]
3.2.1 2015-06-18 World-Famous Astronaut [138] [139]
3.2.0 2015-04-16 Full of Ingredients [140] [141]
3.1.3 2015-03-09 Smooth Sidewalk [142][page needed] [143]
3.1.2 2014-10-31 Pumpkin Helmet See You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown [144]
3.1.1 2014-07-10 Sock it to Me [145][146][147][148] [149]
3.1.0 2014-04-10 Spring Dance [100] [150]
3.0.3 2014-03-06 Warm Puppy [151] [152]
3.0.2 2013-09-25 Frisbee Sailing [153] [154]
3.0.1 2013-05-16 Good Sport [155] [156]
3.0.0 2013-04-03 Masked Marvel [157] [158]
2.15.3 2013-03-01 Security Blanket [159] [160]
2.15.2 2012-10-26 Trick or Treat [161] [162]
2.15.1 2012-06-22 Roasted Marshmallows [163] [164]
2.15.0 2012-03-30 Easter Beagle [165] [166]
2.14.2 2012-02-29 Gift-Getting Season See It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown[167] [168]
2.14.1 2011-12-22 December Snowflakes [169] [170]
2.14.0 2011-10-31 Great Pumpkin See It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown[171] [172]
r-devel N/A Unsuffered Consequences [173] [45]

See also

Further reading

  • Wickham, Hadley; Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data (2nd ed.). Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-4920-9740-2.
  • Gagolewski, Marek (2024). Deep R Programming. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.7490464. ISBN 978-0-6455719-2-9.

Portal

Notes

  1. ^ This displays to standard error a listing of all the packages that tidyverse depends upon. It may also display warnings showing namespace conflicts, which may typically be ignored.

References

  1. ^ a b c Morandat, Frances; Hill, Brandon; Osvald, Leo; Vitek, Jan (11 June 2012). "Evaluating the design of the R language: objects and functions for data analysis". European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming. 2012: 104–131. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6. Retrieved 17 May 2016 – via SpringerLink.
  2. ^ Peter Dalgaard (31 October 2024). "4.4.2 is released". Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  3. ^ a b "R - Free Software Directory". directory.fsf.org. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  4. ^ "R scripts". mercury.webster.edu. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  5. ^ "R Data Format Family (.rdata, .rda)". Loc.gov. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  6. ^ a b Hornik, Kurt; The R Core Team (12 April 2022). "R FAQ". The Comprehensive R Archive Network. 3.3 What are the differences between R and S?. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  7. ^ "Introduction". The Julia Manual. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  8. ^ "Comparison with R". pandas Getting started. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  9. ^ Giorgi, Federico M.; Ceraolo, Carmine; Mercatelli, Daniele (27 April 2022). "The R Language: An Engine for Bioinformatics and Data Science". Life. 12 (5): 648. Bibcode:2022Life...12..648G. doi:10.3390/life12050648. PMC 9148156. PMID 35629316.
  10. ^ Ihaka, Ross. "The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future" (PDF). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. We set a goal of developing enough of a language to teach introductory statistics courses at Auckland.
  11. ^ Hornik, Kurt; The R Core Team (12 April 2022). "R FAQ". The Comprehensive R Archive Network. 2.13 What is the R Foundation?. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Index of /datasets". lib.stat.cmu.edu. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  13. ^ Ihaka, Ross. "R: Past and Future History" (PDF). p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  14. ^ Ihaka, Ross (5 December 1997). "New R Version for Unix". stat.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  15. ^ Ihaka, Ross. "The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future" (PDF). p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  16. ^ Wickham, Hadley; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). R for Data Science, Second Edition. O'Reilly. p. xvii. ISBN 978-1-492-09740-2.
  17. ^ "Quarto". Quarto. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  18. ^ Chambers, John M. (2020). "S, R, and Data Science". The R Journal. 12 (1): 462–476. doi:10.32614/RJ-2020-028. ISSN 2073-4859. The R language and related software play a major role in computing for data science. ... R packages provide tools for a wide range of purposes and users.
  19. ^ Davies, Tilman M. (2016). "Installing R and Contributed Packages". The Book of R: A First Course in Programming and Statistics. San Francisco, California: No Starch Press. p. 739. ISBN 9781593276515.
  20. ^ a b Hornik, Kurt (2012). "The Comprehensive R Archive Network". WIREs Computational Statistics. 4 (4): 394–398. doi:10.1002/wics.1212. ISSN 1939-5108. S2CID 62231320.
  21. ^ Kurt Hornik (23 April 1997). "Announce: CRAN". r-help. Wikidata Q101068595..
  22. ^ "The Status of CRAN Mirrors". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  23. ^ "CRAN - Contributed Packages". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  24. ^ "R-Forge: Welcome". r-forge.r-project.org. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  25. ^ "The Omega Project for Statistical Computing". www.omegahat.net. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  26. ^ "Build software better, together". GitHub. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  27. ^ Wickham, Hadley (2014). "Tidy Data" (PDF). Journal of Statistical Software. 59 (10). doi:10.18637/jss.v059.i10.
  28. ^ a b Wickham, Hadley; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). R for Data Science, Second Edition. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-492-09740-2.
  29. ^ "R for macOS". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  30. ^ "IDE/Editor para Linguagem R | Tinn-R - Home". Tinn-R (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  31. ^ Talbot, Justin; DeVito, Zachary; Hanrahan, Pat (1 January 2012). "Riposte: A trace-driven compiler and parallel VM for vector code in R". Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques. ACM. pp. 43–52. doi:10.1145/2370816.2370825. ISBN 9781450311823. S2CID 1989369.
  32. ^ Jackson, Joab (16 May 2013). TIBCO offers free R to the enterprise. PC World. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  33. ^ "Looking to the future for R in Azure SQL and SQL Server". 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  34. ^ "An Introduction to R. Notes on R: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics" (PDF). Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  35. ^ R Development Core Team. "Assignments with the = Operator". Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  36. ^ Kabacoff, Robert (2012). "Quick-R: User-Defined Functions". statmethods.net. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  37. ^ Wickham, Hadley. "Advanced R - Functional programming - Closures". adv-r.had.co.nz.
  38. ^ "NEWS". r-project.org.
  39. ^ "R: R News". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  40. ^ Wickham, Hadley; Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). "4 Workflow: code style". R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data (2nd ed.). Beijing ; Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-4920-9740-2. OCLC 1390607935.
  41. ^ "Class Methods". Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  42. ^ Monkman, Martin. Chapter 5 R Release Names | Data Science with R: A Resource Compendium.
  43. ^ McGowan, Lucy D’Agostino (28 September 2017). "R release names". livefreeordichotomize.com. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  44. ^ r-hub/rversions, The R-hub project of the R Consortium, 29 February 2024, retrieved 7 April 2024
  45. ^ a b c d Dalgaard, Peter (15 July 2018). "What's in a name? 20 years of R release management" (video). YouTube. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  46. ^ Schulz, Charles (15 November 1957). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 15, 1957 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  47. ^ "[Rd] R 4.4.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  48. ^ "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown". IMDB. 3 August 1977. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  49. ^ "R 4.4.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  50. ^ Schulz, Charles (29 June 1980). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1980 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  51. ^ "R 4.4.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  52. ^ Schulz, Charles (29 June 1980). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1980 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  53. ^ "R 4.3.3 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  54. ^ Schulz, Charles (31 October 1996). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 31, 1996 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  55. ^ "[Rd] R 4.3.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  56. ^ Schulz, Charles (28 April 1979). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 28, 1979 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  57. ^ "[Rd] R 4.3.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  58. ^ Schulz, Charles (13 June 1980). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 13, 1980 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  59. ^ Schulz, Charles (16 June 1980). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 16, 1980 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  60. ^ Schulz, Charles (26 November 1964). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 26, 1964 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  61. ^ "[Rd] R 4.3.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  62. ^ Schulz, Charles (30 March 2001). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 30, 2001 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  63. ^ "[Rd] R 4.2.3 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  64. ^ Schulz, Charles (30 October 1962). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 30, 1962 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  65. ^ "[Rd] R 4.2.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  66. ^ Schulz, Charles (22 November 1970). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 22, 1970 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  67. ^ Schulz, Charles (29 July 1971). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 29, 1971 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  68. ^ Schulz, Charles (25 September 1969). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for September 25, 1969 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  69. ^ Schulz, Charles (13 October 1973). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 13, 1973 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  70. ^ Schulz, Charles (8 February 1974). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 08, 1974 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  71. ^ Schulz, Charles (8 January 1970). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 08, 1970 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  72. ^ "[Rd] R 4.2.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  73. ^ a b Schulz, Charles (6 March 1967). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 06, 1967 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  74. ^ "[Rd] R 4.2.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  75. ^ a b "[Rd] R 4.1.2 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  76. ^ Schulz, Charles (1 November 1967). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 01, 1967 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  77. ^ Schulz, Charles (12 July 1967). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 12, 1967 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  78. ^ Schulz, Charles (17 May 1978). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for May 17, 1978 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  79. ^ "[Rd] R 4.1.1 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  80. ^ Schulz, Charles (12 February 1986). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 12, 1986 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  81. ^ "[Rd] R 4.1.0 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  82. ^ Schulz, Charles (30 July 1978). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 30, 1978 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  83. ^ "[Rd] R 4.0.5 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  84. ^ Schulz, Charles (2 March 1959). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 02, 1959 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  85. ^ Schulz, Charles (27 February 2006). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 27, 2006 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  86. ^ Schulz, Charles (13 March 1959). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 13, 1959 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  87. ^ "[Rd] R 4.0.4 scheduled for February 15". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  88. ^ Schulz, Charles (23 October 1972). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 23, 1972 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  89. ^ "[Rd] R 4.0.3 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  90. ^ Schulz, Charles (14 April 1962). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 14, 1962 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  91. ^ "R 4.0.2 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  92. ^ Schulz, Charles (6 February 1962). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 06, 1962 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  93. ^ "R 4.0.1 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  94. ^ Schulz, Charles (24 April 1970). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 24, 1970 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  95. ^ "R 4.0.0 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  96. ^ Schulz, Charles (29 February 2000). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 29, 2000 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  97. ^ "R 3.6.3 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  98. ^ Schulz, Charles (12 July 1965). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 12, 1965 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  99. ^ "R 3.6.2 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  100. ^ a b Schulz, Charles (22 March 1971). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 22, 1971 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  101. ^ "R 3.6.1 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  102. ^ Schulz, Charles (3 March 1963). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 03, 1963 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  103. ^ "R 3.6.0 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  104. ^ Schulz, Charles (11 March 1959). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 11, 1959 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  105. ^ "R 3.5.3 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  106. ^ Schulz, Charles (25 January 1960). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 25, 1960 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  107. ^ "R 3.5.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  108. ^ Schulz, Charles (9 March 1972). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 09, 1972 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  109. ^ "R 3.5.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  110. ^ Schulz, Charles (27 January 1973). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 27, 1973 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  111. ^ "R 3.5.0 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  112. ^ https://collectpeanuts.com/Collection/ImagesW/Plaques/201405/IMG_4892.jpg [bare URL image file]
  113. ^ "R 3.4.4 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  114. ^ Schulz, Charles (19 February 1967). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 19, 1967 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  115. ^ "R 3.4.3 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  116. ^ "R 3.4.2 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  117. ^ a b Schulz, Charles (9 September 1965). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for September 09, 1965 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  118. ^ "R 3.4.1 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  119. ^ "R 3.4.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  120. ^ Schulz, Charles (29 June 1966). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1966 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  121. ^ "[R] R 3.3.3 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  122. ^ Schulz, Charles (30 October 1968). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 30, 1968 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  123. ^ "[R] R 3.3.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  124. ^ Schulz, Charles (15 June 1967). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 15, 1967 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  125. ^ "[R] R 3.3.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  126. ^ Schulz, Charles (7 May 1971). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for May 07, 1971 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  127. ^ "[R] R 3.3.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  128. ^ a b Schulz, Charles (20 February 1964). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 20, 1964 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  129. ^ "VERSION-NICK". Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  130. ^ "R 3.2.5 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  131. ^ "R 3.2.4-revised is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  132. ^ "R 3.2.4 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  133. ^ Schulz, Charles (18 December 1980). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for December 18, 1980 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  134. ^ "R 3.2.3 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  135. ^ MarketScreener (7 October 2008). "METLIFE : Brush Up on Fire Safety Basics -October 07, 2008 at 04:03 pm EDT | MarketScreener". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  136. ^ "MetLife Advises People to Brush Up on Fire Safety Basics to Stay Safe". Claims Journal. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  137. ^ "R 3.2.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  138. ^ Schulz, Charles (10 March 1969). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 10, 1969 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  139. ^ "[R] R 3.2.1 liftoff". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  140. ^ Schulz, Charles (7 April 1966). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 07, 1966 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  141. ^ "[R] R 3.2.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  142. ^ Schulz, Charles M. (2019). Happiness is a warm puppy. New York : Penguin Workshop. ISBN 978-1-5247-8995-4.
  143. ^ "R 3.1.3 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  144. ^ "[R] R 3.1.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  145. ^ https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/9XoAAOSwI51iIBwR/s-l1600.webp [bare URL image file]
  146. ^ https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-qc6bb7/images/stencil/1280x1280/products/11697/21379/pzl7274__10391.1456100538.jpg?c=2 [bare URL]
  147. ^ https://i.etsystatic.com/12512391/r/il/23f45c/5091663835/il_680x540.5091663835_dqpa.jpg [bare URL image file]
  148. ^ "Peanuts Springbok Puzzles".
  149. ^ "[R] R 3.1.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  150. ^ "[R] R 3.1.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  151. ^ Schulz, Charles (11 January 1965). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 11, 1965 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  152. ^ "R 3.0.3 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  153. ^ Schulz, Charles (3 September 1971). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for September 03, 1971 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  154. ^ "R 3.0.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  155. ^ Schulz, Charles (22 November 1953). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 22, 1953 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  156. ^ "R 3.0.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  157. ^ Schulz, Charles (23 June 1981). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 23, 1981 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  158. ^ "R 3.0.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  159. ^ Schulz, Charles (23 October 1965). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 23, 1965 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  160. ^ "R 2.15.3 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  161. ^ Schulz, Charles (31 October 1969). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 31, 1969 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  162. ^ "R 2.15.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  163. ^ Schulz, Charles (6 June 1987). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 06, 1987 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  164. ^ "R 2.15.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  165. ^ Schulz, Charles (11 April 1971). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 11, 1971 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  166. ^ "R 2.15.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  167. ^ It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown! (TV Short 1974) - Quotes - IMDb. Retrieved 8 April 2024 – via www.imdb.com.
  168. ^ "R 2.14.2 is released + R anniversary". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  169. ^ McGough, Nellah Bailey (20 January 2023). "Our Favorite Quotes and Sayings from "A Charlie Brown Christmas"". Southern Living. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  170. ^ "R 2.14.1 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  171. ^ Schulz, Charles (29 October 1973). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 29, 1973 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  172. ^ "R 2.14.0 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  173. ^ Schulz, Charles (17 August 1967). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for August 17, 1967 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.

Read other articles:

Yorkshire Dales

Upland area of the Pennines in Northern England Swaledale The Yorkshire Dales are a series of valleys, or dales, in the Pennines, a range of hills in England. They are mostly located in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, but extend into Cumbria and Lancashire; they were historically entirely within Yorkshire. The majority of the dales are within the Yorkshire Dales National Park, created in 1954.[1] The exception is the area around Nidderdale, which forms the separate Nidderdal...

 

Great chain of being

Cosmological hierarchy of all matter and life For the song, see The Great Chain of Being (song). 1579 drawing of the Great Chain of Being from Didacus Valades [es], Rhetorica Christiana The great chain of being is a hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought by medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God. The chain begins with God and descends through angels, humans, animals and plants to minerals.[1][2][3] The great chain of being (from&...

 

Thomas Schumacher

American theatre producer For the American academic architect, see Thomas L. Schumacher. Thomas SchumacherSchumacher speaking at the 2019 Tony AwardsPresident of Disney Theatrical GroupIncumbentAssumed office June 2001 (2001-06)Preceded byRon LoganPresident of Walt Disney Feature AnimationIn officeJanuary 1999 (1999-01) – 2002 (2002)Preceded byPeter SchneiderSucceeded byDavid Stainton Personal detailsBornThomas Hubbard Caswell Schumacher III (1957-12-05...

Daftar Presiden Kepulauan Marshall

Berikut adalah Daftar Presiden Kepulauan Marshall. # Nama Gambar Awal Jabatan Akhir Jabatan Partai 1 Amata Kabua(1928-1996) 17 November 1979 20 Desember 1996 AKA / UDP — Kunio Lemari(Pejabat) 20 Desember 1996 14 Januari 1997 AKA / UDP 2 Imata Kabua(1943-2019) 14 Januari 1997 10 Januari 2000 AKA / UDP 3 Kessai Note(1950-) 10 Januari 2000 14 Januari 2008 AKA / UDP 4 Litokwa Tomeing(1939-) 14 Januari 2008 21 Oktober 2009 AKA / UDP — Ruben Zackhras(Pejabat) 21 Oktober 2009 2 November 2009 5 J...

 

The Peanut Butter Falcon

The Peanut Butter FalconPoster filmSutradara Tyler Nilson Michael Schwartz Produser Albert Berger Christopher Lemole Lije Sarki David Thies Ron Yerxa Tim Zajaros Ditulis oleh Tyler Nilson Michael Schwartz Pemeran Shia LaBeouf Zack Gottsagen Dakota Johnson John Hawkes Bruce Dern Jon Bernthal Thomas Haden Church Penata musik Zachary Dawes Noam Pikelny Jonathan Sadoff Gabe Witcher SinematograferNigel BluckPenyunting Kevin Tent Nathaniel Fuller Perusahaanproduksi Armory Films Lucky Treehous...

 

Utena

Peta lokasi Lambang 55°30′N 25°36′E / 55.500°N 25.600°E / 55.500; 25.600 Utena (dengarkanⓘ, ialah sebuah kota di timur laut Lituania, pusat administratif distrik Utena dan kabupaten Utena. Terkenal akan pabrik birnya - Utenos alus. Penduduk 1990 - 35.200 2005 - 33.086 Pranala luar Halaman resmi Diarsipkan 2017-01-12 di Wayback Machine. Utena Diarsipkan 2007-05-27 di Wayback Machine. Artikel bertopik geografi atau tempat Lituania ini adalah sebuah rintisan. An...

Precious (Conrad Sewell album)

2023 studio album by Conrad SewellPreciousStudio album by Conrad SewellReleased3 March 2023 (2023-03-03)Length54:22LabelSony Music AustraliaProducerConrad SewellJames GassRoderick KerrConrad Sewell chronology Life(2019) Precious(2023) Singles from Precious God Save the QueenReleased: 9 September 2022[1] Make Me a BelieverReleased: 14 October 2022 CarolineReleased: 11 November 2022 Rolling ThunderReleased: 12 December 2022[2][3] Ferris WheelReleas...

 

Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Wellington

Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di WellingtonEmbassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Wellington Koordinat41°17′18″S 174°45′47″E / 41.288409°S 174.76313°E / -41.288409; 174.76313Lokasi Wellington, Selandia BaruAlamat70 Glen Rd, KelburnWellington 6012, New ZealandDuta BesarFientje Maritje SuebuYurisdiksi Selandia Baru Kepulauan Cook Niue Samoa TongaSitus webkemlu.go.id/wellington/id Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Wellington (K...

 

Hari pertama sekolah

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Hari pertama sekolah adalah sebuah kegiatan belajar-mengajar antara guru dan siswa di sekolah dalam hari pertama sebuah tahun akademik. Kegiatan ini umumnya erat dikaitkan dengan Masa Orientasi Peserta Didik. Referensi Artikel bertopik pendidikan ini a...

جريمة في قطار الشرق السريع (فيلم 1974)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع جريمة في قطار الشرق السريع (توضيح). جريمة في قطار الشرق السريعMurder on the Orient Express (بالإنجليزية) معلومات عامةالصنف الفني فيلم جريمةالمواضيع  القائمة ... family relation (en) [1] — أسرة[1] — اختطاف[1] — محقق[1] — قتل عمد[1] — انتقام[1] تاريخ ال...

 

2021–22 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball team

NCAA basketball team 2021–22 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketballNCAA tournament, Second RoundConferenceAtlantic Coast ConferenceRecord24–11 (15–5 ACC)Head coachMike Brey (22nd season)Associate head coachAnthony SolomonAssistant coaches Ryan Humphrey Antoni Wyche Home arenaEdmund P. Joyce CenterSeasons← 2020–212022–23 → 2021–22 ACC men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   PCT W   L   PCT No. 9 Duke 16 &...

 

Brown County, South Dakota

County in South Dakota, United States County in South DakotaBrown CountyCountyBrown County Courthouse in fall FlagLocation within the U.S. state of South DakotaSouth Dakota's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 45°36′N 98°21′W / 45.6°N 98.35°W / 45.6; -98.35Country United StatesState South DakotaFoundedJuly 6, 1881[1]SeatAberdeenLargest cityAberdeenArea • Total1,731 sq mi (4,480 km2) • Land1,713 sq&...

Lubule (rivière)

Cet article est une ébauche concernant la république démocratique du Congo. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Lubule. Lubule la Lubule sur OpenStreetMap. Caractéristiques Bassin collecteur Congo Cours Confluence Luvwa Géographie Pays traversés République démocratique du Congo modifier  La Lubule est une rivière du Haut-Katanga en république démocrat...

 

Апостолівський район

Апостолівський район ліквідована адміністративно-територіальна одиниця Герб Прапор Колишній район на карті Дніпропетровська область Основні дані Країна: СРСР ( УСРР),  Україна Область: Дніпропетровська область Код КОАТУУ: 1220300000 Утворений: 1923 рік Ліквідований: 17 л�...

 

Доллар США

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Доллар (значения). Доллар США[a] англ. US Dollar фр. Dollar des États-Unis[b] Коды и символы Коды ISO 4217 USD (840) Символы $ • US$ Территория обращения Страна-эмитент  США    Бермуды Бонайре Виргинские Острова (Великобр�...

Comisión de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas

Comisión de Derechos Humanos de la ONU Sede de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra, Suiza.Tipo Agencia especializada de la ONUForma legal InactivaFundación 12 de agosto de 1947Disolución 15 de marzo de 2006Sede central Ginebra,  SuizaFiliales Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas[editar datos en Wikidata] La Comisión de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas fue una comisión del Consejo Económico y Social (Ecosoc) y asistía en...

 

Malta LGBTIQ Rights Movement

LGBT rights movement in Malta Malta LGBTIQ Rights MovementMGRM attending a 2023 environmental protestNamed afterMalta Gay Rights MovementFounded2001; 23 years ago (2001) (Malta)TypeLGBTIQ RightsHeadquartersMosta, MaltaLocationMosta, MaltaCo-CoordinatorCynthia ChircopCo-CoordinatorMohamed Ali (Dali) AguerbiAffiliationsILGA, ILGA-Europe, IGLYO, TGEU, AIDS Action Europe, NELFAWebsitewww.maltagayrights.org The Malta LGBTIQ Rights Movement (MGRM), previously known as the Malta Ga...

 

غريغوريوس المستنير

القديسغريغوريوس المستنير (بالأرمنية: Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ)‏  لوحة فسيفسائية للقديس غريغوريوس في كنيسة باماكاريستوس (جامع الفاتحية حاليًا)، إسطنبول معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 252   أرمينيا  تاريخ الوفاة سنة 329 (76–77 سنة)[1]  [2]   تولى المنصب302  الحياة العم...

ألكسندر تشاكوفسكي

ألكسندر تشاكوفسكي معلومات شخصية الميلاد 26 أغسطس 1913(1913-08-26)سانت بطرسبرغ الوفاة 17 فبراير 1994 (80 سنة)موسكو مواطنة الاتحاد السوفيتي  عضو في اتحاد الكتاب السوفيت،  واللجنة المركزية للحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم معهد مكسيم غوركي الأدبي  المهنة صح�...

 

Blok Poros

Warna hijau adalah pihak Sekutu (hijau terang adalah yang bergabung setelah penyerangan ke Pearl Harbor), Negara-negara Blok Poros berwarna biru dan warna abu-abu adalah negara netral. Bendera Jerman, Jepang, dan Italia dikibarkan berurutan di Kedubes Jepang di Tiergartenstraße, Berlin (September 1940).Dua pemimpin blok poros, yaitu Duce Benito Mussolini (Italia) dan Führer Adolf Hitler (Jerman).Perdana Menteri Jepang Hideki Tojo (tengah) bersama perwakilan pemerintah sesama Kawasan Kemakmu...