Qinghai 223 Incident

Qinghai, where some of China's main nuclear sites locate, including Lop Nur.[1]

The Qinghai 223 Incident (Chinese: 青海二二三事件), also known as the February 23 Qinghai Incident or the Qinghai 223 massacre, was a massacre in 1967 during the Chinese Cultural Revolution in Qinghai Province.[1][2][3][4] On February 23, 1967, thirteen military companies from the Qinghai Military District of the People's Liberation Army attacked and took over the base of Qinghai Daily which was previously occupied by the local unarmed rebel group, killing 169 civilians (and 4 soldiers) and injuring 178 within one day.[1][3][4][5] An additional 12 students were killed or injured at Qinghai Ethnical College on February 24.[1][3] The massacre was led by General Zhao Yongfu (赵永夫), the deputy commander of the military district,[1][3] and therefore the incident was also known as the "Zhao Yongfu incident".[6]

History

In May 1966, Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution in mainland China.[3][7] Starting from the January Storm in 1967, rebel groups began to seize power from local governments and Communist Party committees.[3][8][9] In Qinghai Province, a conservative faction and a rebel faction (known as "8·18") were formed, with the former supporting Wang Zhao, who was the governor of Qinghai at the time, and the latter against Wang.[2][4][10]

In January 1967, the "8·18" rebel faction took over the building of Qinghai's provincial newspaper, Qinghai Daily.[2][10] However, Beijing soon authorized military control of newspapers and radio stations, and Qinghai Military District then sent troops attempting to re-gain control of the newspaper base.[1][2][3][10] From February 14 to 22, the military besieged the newspaper base while the rebel civilians refused to submit to the military, and thus on February 23, the military under General Zhao Yongfu declared city-wide martial law in Xining and moved on to seize the newspaper building by force, but claiming that the rebel civilians opened fire on troops first.[1][3][4][10]

On February 23 alone, 169 unarmed civilians were killed by the People's Liberation Army, and 178 were injured.[1][3][4][5] By mistake, the military itself also shot 4 soldiers dead and injured over 20.[5] On February 24, another 12 students were killed or injured at Qinghai Ethnical College.[1][3] The rebel group "8·18" was immediately categorized as "counter-revolutionary" by the military, with 13,414 members arrested; in addition, 5,968 members of the rebel group had their homes ransacked.[4][10]

However, on March 24, 1967, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai read out the Decision from Beijing regarding the Qinghai Issue, which stated that Zhao Yongfu had used conspiratorial methods to usurp military power which constituted a "counter-revolutionary coup" within the provincial military district leadership.[2][4][10] Members of the "8·18" group were subsequently released and rehabilitated in 1967.[2][4][10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stokes, Mark A. (Feb 27, 2012). "Securing Nuclear Arsenals for the Next Half Century: A Chinese Case Study". Nonproliferation Policy Education Center. Archived from the original on 2024-03-01. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "The February 23rd Qinghai Incident". 8964 Museum. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Song, Yongyi (25 August 2011). "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)". Sciences Po. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Qi, Benyu (2016). "第二十一章 青海军区开枪镇压革命群众惨案". 戚本禹回忆录 [Memoirs of Qi Benyu] (in Chinese) (1 ed.). Hong Kong: 中国文革历史出版社. ISBN 9789881228482. Archived from the original on 2025-01-02.
  5. ^ a b c "青海文革专辑2("二二三事件"专辑)" [Special edition on Cultural Revolution in Qinghai (special edition on the 223 incident)] (PDF). Yesterday (昨天) (in Chinese) (70). 2016-05-30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-02-05.
  6. ^ Wang, Xiuming. "青海"赵永夫事件"亲历记" [Personal experience of the "Zhao Yongfu Incident" in Qinghai]. CNKI. Archived from the original on 2022-04-07.
  7. ^ Phillips, Tom (2016-05-11). "The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
  8. ^ Sun, Yancheng. "青海二·二三事件" [The Qinghai 223 Incident]. Yanhuang Chunqiu (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2020-11-21.
  9. ^ Wu, Yiching (2014). The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-72879-0.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Ding, Shu (2003-05-05). "文革首次血案——青海"二·二三事件"" [The first bloody incident of the Cultural Revolution: the Qinghai 223 Incident]. China News Digest (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2024-12-15.