Two Whatevers

The "Two Whatevers" (Chinese: 两个凡是; pinyin: Liǎng gè fán shì) refers to the statement that "We will resolutely uphold whatever policy decisions Chairman Mao made, and unswervingly follow whatever instructions Chairman Mao gave" (凡是毛主席作出的决策，我们都坚决维护；凡是毛主席的指示，我们都始终不渝地遵循).

This statement was contained in a joint editorial, entitled "Study the Documents Well and Grasp the Key Link", printed on 7 February 1977 in People's Daily, the journal Red Flag and the PLA Daily.

History

The policy was advocated by the Chinese Communist Party chairman Hua Guofeng, Mao's successor, who had earlier ended the Cultural Revolution and arrested the Gang of Four. However, this policy proved unpopular with Deng Xiaoping and other party leaders advocating market reform.

On a 7 February 1977 editorial titled "Study the Documents Well and Grasp the Key Link"[1] which appeared in People's Daily, Red Flag, and People's Liberation Army Daily, Hua articulated the "Two Whatevers" slogan: "We will resolutely uphold whatever policy decisions Chairman Mao made, and unswervingly follow whatever instructions Chairman Mao gave".[2]: 111 

It proved a trigger for Deng's manoeuvre in 1978 to implement economic reform policy in China, and led eventually to Hua being demoted from the party leadership in 1980.[3] Even before he was fully rehabilitated, Deng described the "Two Whatevers" as being contrary to the essence of Marxism.[2]: 111  On 11 May 1978, Guangming Daily published a front page editorial criticizing the "Two Whatevers".[2]: 111  In June 1978, Deng endorsed the perspective of the editorial at an All-Army Political Work Conference.[2]: 111  Deng stated that Marxist theory should not be "lifeless dogma" and cited Mao's method of seeking truth from facts, contrasting the "Two Whatevers" with the view that "only through practice can the correctness of one's ideas be proved, and there is no other way of testing truth."[2]: 111 

The coalition of Hua's political supporters, referred to as the "whateverist faction",[4] also lost its power after Deng's political manoeuvre: Wang Dongxing, Ji Dengkui, Wu De, and Chen Xilian, the so-called "Little Gang of Four", were relieved of all their Party and state posts during the 5th Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the CCP, 23–29 February 1980.

See also

References

  1. ^ "华国锋承认"两个凡是"错误 邓小平终上台". 中国网. 3 September 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197757512.
  3. ^ "华国锋提两个"凡是"阻挠邓小平出山". 新闻午报. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  4. ^ Fontana, Dorothy Grouse (1982). "Background to the Fall of Hua Guofeng". Asian Survey. 22 (3): 237–260. doi:10.2307/2644028. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644028.